Trunk Flashcards
What is the axial skeleton?
the intermediary between the upper and lower extremity
What does the axial Skelton consists of? (4)
Head
vertebral column
sternum
ribs
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
- provide support and stability to the HAT
- shock absorption
- dispersion of weight
- attachement site for neck and trunk muscles
- protects the spinal cord
What does the anterior portion of the spinal cord do?
weight bearing and increased mobility
What does the posterior portion of the spinal cord do?
protects the spinal cord, limits motion, elongated processes increase muscle leverage
Name the parts of the vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
What is the sacro-coccygeal?
sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae
coccyx- 4 fused vertebrae
Name the curves of the vertebral column.
cervical- concave (hunchback, lordosis)
thoracic- convex
lumbar- concave
sacral- convex
The curve of the spine is originally what?
convex posteriorly at birth aka kyphotic
What is the primary vertebral curve?
kypotic, convex
What are the 3 degrees of motion in most vertebral joints?
Flexion/extenion - sagittal plane
Lateral flexion (L&R)- frontal plane
Rotation (R&L)- transverse
What is the spinous process?
an attachement site for soft tissues aka ligaments and tendons; serve as lever arms for spinal motion
What is the shape of the spinous process?
shape of spinous process varies from spinal region
What is the transverse process?
typically projects laterally off to each side, attachment site; work as lever arms
Name the structures of the vertebrae
- vertebral body
- vertebral foramen
- pedicle
- lamina
Describe:
- vertebral body
- vertebral foramen
- pedicle
- lamina
- vertebral body: weight bearing structure
- vertebral foramen: provides channel for the spinal cord to pass
- pedicle- bony arm connecting the body of the vertebrae to each transverse process
- lamina-body arch connecting spinous processes to transverse processes
What forms the anterior vertebral structures
vertebrae
intervertebral discs
longitudinal ligaments
What are the 3 functions of the anterior vertebral structures?
Protects facet joints
from compression injury
Permit and limits motions of the vertebrae
What are the vertebral disc composed of?
annulus fibrosis
nucleaus pulposus
verterbral end plates
Describe:
annulus fibrosis
nucleaus pulposus
verterbral end plates
annulus fibrosis- cartilaginois rings that enclose the nucleus pulposus
nucleaus pulposus- gel with 80% water content
verterbral end plates- two hyaline cartilaginous plates
What does increased load cause?
causes increased force to the anterior, posterior, and lateral parts of the vertebral body which limits vertebral compression
What happens with extensive walking and standing during the day?
causes the nucleus to lose small quantities of water
What happens to our height throughout the day?
compression forces actually diminish height throughout the day
What do the longitudinal ligaments do?
the Anterior longitudinal ligaments and posterior longitudinal ligaments cover the front and back of the vertebral bodies from the axis to the sacrum
What does the ALL specifically do?
What does the PLL specifically do?
ALL limits backward bending
PLL restrains forward flexion
Name the 5 parts of the vertebral joint elements.
- Arches
- Transverse and spinous processes
- Bilateral facet joints
- Joint capsules
- Ligaments
What is the function of a facet joint?
-Function of facet joints: control vertebral motions/protect disc
What is the ligament flava?
- Series of 23 intersegmental ligs.
- connects the lamina of 2 adjacent vertebrae
- extends from C2 to sacrum
What is the function of the ligament flava?
resist forward flexion/prevents injury
Sternocleidomastoid
A: Bilaterally- flexion of neck
Unilaterally- lateral flexion of neck; rotation of head to opposite side
O: sternal head- manubrium of sternum
Clavicular head- medial clavicle
I: mastoid process of temporal bone
N: accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) (C 2, 3)
What is the most superficial of the anterior neck muscles?
Sternocleidomastoid
Longus colli
A: cervical flexion; works with longus capitis to stabilize the head.
O: anterior tubercle C1; Bodies of C1-C3 and transverse processes of C3-C6’
I: bodies of C5 through T3; tranverse processes of C3-C5
N: C2-C6
What is the name of the main function of both longus muscles to compress and support the anterior side of the cervical spine?
Longus Colli
Longus capitis
A: bilaterally: head and neck flexion unilaterally: lateral bending and rotation O: basilar part of occipital bone I: C3-C6 transverse processes N: ventral rami of C1-C3
Scalenes (anterior, meduis, posterior)
A: bilaterally- raise first 2 ribs during forced inspiration or assist neck flexion
unilaterally- assists in lateral flexion of head
O: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae:
scalenous anterior- C3-6
scalenous meduis- C2-7
scalenous posterior- C4-6
I: first 2 ribs (anterior and medial to 1st rib; posterior to 2nd rib)
N: ventral rami of cervical nerves 3-8
Rectus capitis lateralis
A: lateral flexion of head at AOJ
O: jugular process of occipital bone
I: C1 transverse process
N: C1-C2
Rectus capitis anterior
A: flexion of head at AOJ
O: occipital condlyle
I: anterior surface of C1
N: C1-C2
too deep to palpate
Semispinalis capitis
A: bilaterally-extend head and neck
unilaterally- laterally flexes and rotates head
O: transverse processes of C7 and T1-T6 vertebrae
I: above inferior nuchal line
N: dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Semispinalis cervicis
A: bilaterally- extend head and neck
unilaterally- laterally flexes and rotates head
O: transverse processes of C7 and T1-T6 vertebrae
I: C2-C5 spinous processes
N: dorsal rami of spinal nerves
External oblique
A: bilaterally- trunk flexion
unilaterally- lateral flexion, rotation of trunk to opposite side
O: lower 8 ribs
I: linea alba, pubis, anterior iliac crest
N: ventral rami of intercostal nerves T7-T12
Rectus abdominis
A: trunk flexion
O: pubic symphysis and crest
I: costal cartilages of ribs 5,6,7; xiphoid process
N: ventral rami of intercostal nerves T7-T12
Internal oblique
A: bilaterally- trunk flexion
unilaterally- lateral flexion, rotation of trunk
O: inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, thoracolumbar aponeurosis
N: ventral rami of intercostal nerves T8-T12
Tranverse abdominis
A: abdominal compression
O: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar aponeurosis, internal surface of costal cartilages of ribs 7-12
I: abdominal aponeurosis and linea alba, pubis
N: ventral rami of intercostal nerves T7-T12
What are interspinous and supraspinous ligaments?
strong, fibrous cord that attach to tips of spinous processes and are continuos with the thoracodorsal fascia
What do interspinous and supraspinous ligaments do?
resists motions of forward bending
Describe the atlas aka C1
- Sits like a washer between the skull and the lower cervical spine.
- Functions to cradle the occiput and to transmit forces from the head to the cervical spine
- Has no body or spinous process
- Shaped like a ring
- Transverse process protrudes more laterally than other vertebrae in that region
Describe Axis C2
Accepts the load of the head and atlas and transmits that load to the remainder of the cervical spine
What does the craniovertebral joint consists of?
the occiput
atlas C1
Axis C2
What does the atlanto-occipital joints do?
consist of two joints that work in unison to provide movements between the head and vertebral column.
What does the atlanto-occipital joints permit?
- Movement consists of nodding of the head
- lateral movements are possible but limited
- provides some rotation in cervical area
What does the atlanto-occipital joint consist of?
central articulation
two facet joints (atlas and axis)
dens (atlas pivots around the dens)
What does the lower column c3 -c7 vertebrae do?
support the axial load of the head and vertebrae
keeps the head upright
provides mobility of the head
characterized by short and perforated transverse processes through which vertebral arteries pass
What does the thoracic vertebrae do?
support and permit motion of the head and trunk
protects lungs and heart
supply articulations for respiration
provides muscular attachments
What is the plane of movement for thoracic facet joints?
frontal plane
What are the movements of the thoracic facet joints?
limits flexion & anterior sheath motions
permits side bending
extension but its limited by spinous processes
What is the costovertebral joint?
ribs 2-9 articulate with thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
What is the costotransverse joints?
ribs 1-10 also articulate with transverse process to form this joint allowing for elevation and depression of the ribs (lung expansion)
Describe the lumbar region
- spinous processes are large
- bear most of the weight of the HAT in erect posture
- facet joints have articulating surfaces in both sagittal and frontal planes
- facet joint orientation prohibits rotation and anterior shear
What is the lumbarsacrul?
Where it changes from lumbar spine to sacral spine.
What is spondyliothesis?
Weakening of joint permits the lumbar vertebrae to slide forward on sacrum
When standing what happens to the vertebral column?
There’s an angulation of the vertebral column when standing
How is the lumbarsacral junction reinforced?
By strong iliomlumbar ligaments and sacrolumbar ligaments
What motions are restricted in the iliosacral junctions?
Lateral bending,flexion/extension, and rotation
Sacrum
Link between the axial skeleton and lower extremities
- connects the lumbar spine at the lumbosacral junction L5-S1
- connects with pelvic bones via R and L sacroiliac joints
Sacroiliac joint
Disthrodial joint Small movements here Anterior/posterior rotation Abduction/adduction Medial rotation- lateral rotation Extensive between of strong ligaments that limits motions of the sacrum
Coccyx
Base of coccyx joints apex of the sacrum to form the sacrococcygeal joint
Surrounded by several string ligaments called sacrococcygeal ligaments
Only small amount of anterior-posterior motion occurs
Flexors the neck
Located anteriorly and laterally around the neck
Steenocleisomastoid Longus capitis Longus coli Rectus capitis lateralis Rectus capitis anterior Scalenes
Longus colli and capitis
Compress and support the anterior side of the cervical spine
Posterior cervical muscles
Sub occipital muscles
Erector spinae
Transversospinal muscles
