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Kineseology Class > The Lower Extremity 7/22 > Flashcards

The Lower Extremity 7/22 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of the pelvis?

A

1- Provides stable base for HAT (head, arm, and trunk)

2- contains visceral organs

3- transmits and absorbs forces to and from HAT superiorly and LE inferiorly

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2
Q

What type of production is the pelvis involved in?

A

Power production (closed chain function) rather than mobility

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3
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A
  • Right & Left pelvic bones joined by the axial skeleton via the sacrum and the 5th lumbar vertebra posteriorly
  • Right and Left hemi-pelvis meets at pubic symphysis anteriorly
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4
Q

What is the pelvis made up of?

A

pelvis is made up of 3 bones fused together (they contribute to the formation of the acetabulum)

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5
Q

What is the greater sciatic notch?

A

The greater sciatic notch is where the sciatic nerve travels through and where the piriformis muscle spans across

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6
Q

Name the 3 fused segments that make up the pelvis

A

Anterior/ Superior Ilium

Posterior Ischium

Anterior/Inferior pubis

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7
Q

What is the obturator foramen?

A

vessels and nerves travel through the obturator foramen to the lower extremities

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8
Q

Where is the ilium located?

A

Anteriorly and superiorly

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9
Q

Can you palpate the ilium?

A

yes, its the bones you feel when you put your hands on your hips

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10
Q

What does the ilium allow?

A

The ilium’s large surface area provides numerous attachment sites for many muscles

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11
Q

What is the anterior superior iliac spine?

A

most anterior and superior aspect of the iliac crest is the ASIS

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12
Q

What attaches to the ASIS?

A

attachement site for the sartorius and tensor fascia latae

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13
Q

What is the sacroiliac joint?

A

a depression located inferior to each PSIS

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14
Q

What is PSIS?

A

posterior superior iliac spine, follows posteriorly (Left and Right PSIS)

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15
Q

What is the ischium?

A

Posterior inferior bone of the pelvis

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16
Q

How much does the ischium contribute to the acetabulum?

A

40%

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17
Q

What is the palpable feature of the ischium?

A

ischial tuberosity, which is the weight bearing prominence

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18
Q

What is the ischial ramus?

A

it ‘s the part that extends medially from the body of the ischium to connect to ramus of the pubis

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19
Q

Where is the pubis?

A

anterior-inferior portion of the pelvis

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20
Q

What is the symphysis pubis?

A

amphiathrodial connection between two pubic bones

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21
Q

What does the femur articulate with?

A

articulates with the hip proximally, and distally at the knee with the tibia

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22
Q

What kind of bone is it?

A

longest and strongest

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23
Q

What is the linea aspera?

A

the origin for adductor muscles

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24
Q

What is the greater trochanter?

A

attachment site for gluteus medius and lateral rotator muscles

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25
Q

What is the lesser trochanter?

A

located medially and inferiorly to the greater trochanter

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26
Q

How much does weight does the tibia carry?

A

90% of body weight

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27
Q

What is the most distal part of the tibia?

A

The most distal aspect of the tibia is the medial malleolus

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28
Q

How much weight does the fibula carry?

A

carries 10% of weight

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29
Q

What kind of bone is the fibula?

A

non weight bearing bone, mainly functions as a site for muscle attachments

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30
Q

Describe the acetabulofemoral articulation?

A

hip joint

Diathrodial (mobility)

Triaxial (moves in 3 planes)

Ball and socket joint

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31
Q

What allows stability for the hip joint?

A

high congruency and firm connective tissue between the femoral head and acetabulum equal joint stability

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32
Q

What does the acetabulofemoral joint do?

A
  • Transmits large forces between trunk and ground
  • Elevates and lowers body
  • Works with body’s locomotion system
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33
Q

How does the acetabulofemoral joint work with the locomotion system?

A

hip abductor muscles on weight-bearing leg have to counterbalance 85% of body’s weight during each step

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34
Q

What are the hip joint movements? (pelvic motion on femur)

A
  • Anterior/Posterior Tilt in the sagittal plane
  • Lateral Tilt- frontal plane
  • Protraction/Retraction- transverse plane
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35
Q

Give an example of a pelvic motion on the femur.

A

leaning over to pick up an object from the floor

36
Q

What are the hip joint movements? (femur on the pelvis)

A
  • Flexion/Extension- sagittal plane
  • Abduction/ Adduction- frontal plane
  • Medial/Lateral Rotation- transverse plane
37
Q

Give an example of a femur motion on the pelvis.

A

flexing hip to step up onto a step

38
Q

On the hip joint what does the acetabular fossa contain?

A

the acetabular fossa has proprioceptors that provide joint sensory input; contains synovial fluid which is secreted for joint lubrication during weight-bearing

39
Q

On the hip joint what is the superior periphery of acetabulum lined with?

A

the superior periphery of acetabulum is lined with hyaline cartilage where weight bearing occurs

40
Q

What lies inferior to the superior periphery of acetabulum?

A

The acetabular fossa lies inferiorly. It is structurally deep and does not come in contact withe femoral head

41
Q

Name the motions of the lower extremity.

A
  • Flexion -Extension
  • Abduction -Adduction
  • Inward Rotation -Outward Rotation
  • Plantarflexion -Dorsiflexion
  • Enversion -Inversion
  • Medial Rotation -Lateral Rotation
42
Q

Name the 5 Hip Flexors

A

1-Iliopsoas

2-Recturs Femoris

3-Sartorius

4-Pectineus

5-Tensor Fascia Latae

43
Q

Iliopsoas

A

a: hip flexion
o: iliac fossa, anterior/lateral surfaces of T12-L5

I: lesser trochanter of the femur

N: Iliacus portion: Femoral Nerve

Psoas major portion: L2 and L3

44
Q

What is the strongest hip flexor? What does it contribute to?

A

Iliopsoas muscle: it contributes to limb shortening and advancement during swing phase and gait

45
Q

Rectus Femoris

A

Action: hip flexion and knee extension

O: anterior inferior iliac spine (aiis)

I: tibial tuberosity

N: Femoral Nerve

46
Q

Sartorius

A

A: Combination of hip flexion, knee extension, lateral rotation, hip abduction,

O: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

I: Proximal Medial Aspect of the Tibia

N: Femoral Nerve

47
Q

What is the longest muscle of the body? What position does it bring to the leg?

A

The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the body. Brings the leg into a cross legged sitting position (by flexing, abducting and laterally rotating)

48
Q

Pectineus

A

A: Hip flexion and adduction, medial rotation

O: Superior Ramus of the Pubis

I: Pectineal line of the femur

N: Femoral Nerve

49
Q

Tensor Fascia Latae

A

A: Combined Hip flexion and abduction, medial rotation

O: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

I: Lateral condyle of the tibia

N: Femoral Nerve

50
Q

Name all the Hip adductors

A

Adductor Longus

Adductor Brevis

Adductor Magnus

Gracilis

51
Q

Adductor Magnus

A

A: Hip adduction

O: Ischium and Pubis

I: entire line aspera and adductor tubercle

N: Obturator and sciatic nerves

52
Q

Gracilis

A:

O:

I:

A

A: Hip Adduction

O: Pubis

I: anterior medial surface of the proximal tibia

N: Obturator

53
Q

Adductor Longus

A

A: Hip Adduction

O: Pubis

I: Middle one third of the linea aspera

N: Obturator

54
Q

Adductor Brevis

A

A: Hip adduction

O: Pubis

I: proximal line aspera and pectineal linea

N: Obturator

55
Q

Name the Hip Extensors

A

Gluteus Maximus

Biceps Femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

56
Q

What are the hamstrings?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranous are known as the hamstrings

57
Q

Biceps Femoris (hamstrings) long head

A

A: Long Head: Hip Extension , and knee flexion

O: Long Head: Ischial Tuberosity

I: Fibular Head

N: sciatic nerve

58
Q

Semitendinosus (hamstrings)

A

A: Hip extension & knee flexion

O: ischial tuberosity

I: anteromedial surface of the proximal tibia

N: Sciatic nerve

59
Q

Semimembranosus (hamstrings)

A

A: hip extension, knee flexion

O: ischial tuberosity

I: posterior medial condyle of the tibial

posterior surface of the medial condyle of the tibia

N: Sciatic Nerve

60
Q

Bi ceps Femoris (short head)

A

A: Short Head: Knee Flexion

O: Short Head: Lateral Lip of the Linea Aspera

I: Fibular Head

N: common peroneal nerve

61
Q

Gluteus Maximus

A

A: Hip Extension, hyperextension, lateral rotation

O: Posterior sacrum and ilium

I: posterior femur distal to greater trochanter and iliotibial band

N: Inferior gluteal nerve

62
Q

Name the hip lateral rotators and

A

O

I

A

Obturator externus, internus

Gemellus Superior, inferior

Quadratus femoris

Piriformis

A: Hip Lateral Rotation

O: Posterior ischium, sacrum, pubis

I: greater trochanter of the femur

N: Obturator and L4, L5, S1, S2

63
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles? What do they do?

A

Obturator externus, internus

Gemellus Superior, inferior

Quadratus femoris

Piriformis

muscles of the hip that provide fine tuning during hip motion

64
Q

Name the Medial Rotators

A

Gluteus Medius

Gluteus Minimis

Tensor Fascia Latae

Pectineus

65
Q

Depending on the hip position what other muscles are involved in medial rotation?

A

The adductors may also produce hip medial rotation depending on the hip position.

66
Q

Gluteus Medius

A

O

I

A

A: Medial Rotation, and hip abduction

O: outer surface of the ilium

I: lateral aspect of the greater trochanter

N: Superior gluteal nerve

67
Q

Gluteus Minimus

A

A: Medial rotation, hip abduction

O: Lateral ilium

I: Anterior surface of the greater trochanter

N: Superior gluteal nerve

68
Q

What muscle shape is the gluteal medius?

A

The gluteus medius is fan shaped.

69
Q

How many bones are in the foot and ankle?

A

They’re are 26 bones of the foot and ankle

70
Q

What bones are below the knee?

A

Tibia & Fibula (leg)

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

71
Q

How many tarsal bones are there?

How many metatarsals are there?

How many phalanges do we have?

A

7 tarsals

5 metatarsals

14 phalanges

72
Q

Name the Posterior Superficial Group of the LE

A

Plantaris

Soleus

Gastronemius

73
Q

Gastronemius

A

A: Ankle plantar flexion & Knee flexion

O: Medial and Lateral Femur Condyles

I: Posterior Calcaneus

N: Tibial Nerve

74
Q

Plantaris

A

A: Weak assits in ankle plantar flexion and knee extension

O: Posterios lateral femur condyle

I: Posterior Calcaneus

N: Tibial Nerve

75
Q

Soleus

A

A: Ankle Plantar flexion

O: Posterior Tibia and Fibula

I: Posterior Calcaneus

N: Tibial Nerve

76
Q

Name the Deep Group of the LE

A

Long Toe Flexors

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Flexor Digotorum Longus

Tibialis posterior

77
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus

A

A: flexes great toe; assists in inversion and plantar flexion of the ankle

O: posterior fibula and interosseous membrane

I: distal phalanx of the great toe

N: tibial nerve

78
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus

A

A: Flexes the four lesser toes; assits in ankle inversion and plantar flexion of the ankle

O: posterior tibia

I: distal phalanx of four lesser toes

N: tibial nerve

79
Q

Tibialis Posterior

A

A: ankle inversion; assists in plantar flexion

O: interosseous membrane, adjacent tibia and fibula

I: navicular and most tarsals and metatarsals

N: Tibial Nerve

80
Q

Name the Lateral Group (eversion)

A

Peroneus Longus

Peroneus Brevis

81
Q

Peroneus Longus

A

A: Eversion & assists in ankle plantar flexion

O: Lateral proximal fibula & interosseous membrane

I: Plantar surface of the first cuneiform and metatarsal

N: superficial peroneal nerve

82
Q

Peroneus Brevis

A

A: Eversion & assist in plantar flexion

O: Lateral distal fibula

I: Base of the 5th metatarsal

N: superficial peroneal nerve

83
Q

What muscles are part of the anterior group of the LE?

A

Tibialis Anterior

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorum longus

Peroneus tertius

84
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

A: Dorsiflexion, ankle inversion

O: Lateral tibia & interosseous membrane

I: first cuneiform and metatarsal

N: deep peroneal nerve

85
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus

A

A: Extends first toe; assits in ankle inversion and dorsiflexion

O: fibula and interosseous membrane

I: distal phalanx of great toe

N: deep peroneal nerve

86
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

A: extends four lesser toes, assists in ankle dorsiflexion

O: fibula, interosseus membrane, tibia

I: distal phalanx of four lesser toes

N: deep peroneal nerve

87
Q

Peroneus Tertius

A

A: assists somewhat in ankle eversion and dorsiflexion

O: distal medial fibula

I: base of fifth metatarsal

N: deep peroneal nerve

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