Kineseology Class Flashcards
What is the definition of bipedal?
walking on two extremities
Are humans bipedal?
Yes, human beings are bipedal
Define locomotion.
moving from one place to another
Provide an example of locomotion (3)
Different forms of movement include rolling,
walking, skipping
Define Gait.
gait is a upright type of locomotion that involves moving on foot such as walking, jogging, running
What is ambulation?
a type of locomotion. (walk)
What is the most common locomotion patterns for humans?
Walking is the most common type of locomotion pattern for humans
What are the 4 ways to characterize stance posture?
1) An alignment of body segments
2) A position or attitude of the body
3) The arrangement of body parts for a
specific activity
4) Characteristic manner of bearing one’s body
In normal functioning postural adjustments are?
Postural adjustments are automatic in normal function.
In stance posture multiple systems do what?
Examples of systems that interact?
Multiple systems interact in stance posture such as:
–proprioception, visual and sensory.
Muscles that support upright posture are called:
antigravity muscles support upright posture
Give 4 examples of antigravity muscles.
-Neck and back extensors
–neck and hip extensors
–Neck and trunk flexors
–Hip abductors and adductors
What does the line of gravity in the body exert?
a torque force that needs to be counteracted by a force on the opposite side of the joint.
Example: the line of gravity falls anterior to the ankle joint what does gravity do?
so gravity exerts a torque that pulls the tibia anteriorly on the ankle. Thus, the posterior calf muscles are the “counterforce” that are needed to maintain the leg in a static and upright position.
In a relaxed standing posture, the gravitational line of the body falls:
- Posterior to the hip joint,
- Anterior to the knee joint,
- Anterior to the ankle joint
What is Postural sway?
constant displacements and correction to maintain the COM (center of mass) over the body’s base of support for an upright body.
How does the body sway?
The body sways in an anterior-posterior direction as well as side to side.
Where are automatic adjustments made?
Automatic adjustments are made primarily at the ankle.
During gait how does the pelvis and trunk shift?
The pelvis and trunk shift laterally approximately 1 inch during gait.
How do organs affect stance posture/motion?
Ongoing organ functions such as respiration causes small motions (displacements)
Define gait.
manner or style of walking
Define gait cycle.
the time from when the heel of one foot touches the ground to the time it touches the ground again
What’s another word for gait cycle?
Also known as stride.
Divide gait into two phases.
1) Stance
2) Swing
Name the 4 sections the Stance phase is subdivided into ?
1 initial contact 2 loading response 3 midstance 4 terminal stance 5 preswing
The Swing phase is subdivided into 3 phases name them:
1 initial swing
2 midswing
3 terminal swing
What percentage is is the gait cycle?
One complete gait cycle = 100%
When does gait start and end?
Start of the cycle is when the foot first makes contact with floor (0%); ends when the same foot contacts floor again (100%)
What percentage does the stance phase cover in the single gait cycle?
The stance phase comprises the first 60%.
What percentage does the swing phase cover in the single gait cycle?
The swing phase comprises the last 40% (of a single gait cycle)
What is the normal adult walking speed and length?
–One cycle= 1 second
–Length= 1.4 meters
What are the 6 major key movements of gait?
- Pelvic rotation
- Pelvic tilt
- Lateral pelvic displacement
- Knee flexion
- Hip flexion
- Knee and ankle interaction
What is gait double support?
when both feet are in contact with the ground (occurs 2X within the gait cycle; at the beginning and end).
What is gait Single limb support?
one leg is on ground while the other is swinging through (occurs during the middle of gait cycle).
What kind of relationship does duration of double support and the speed of walking have?
There is an inverse relationship between duration of double support and the speed of walking.
Provide an example of an inverse relationship between speed and double support?
EX: as speed increases, double support time decreases
What are the three tasks of gait?
- Weight acceptance
- Single limb support
- Limb advancement
Provide an example of how the Stance phase plays a role in all three tasks of gait?
–ie. Initial contact and loading response =weight
acceptance.
–Midstance =single limb support
–Terminal stance and preswing = limb advancement
What is the Swing phase concerned with?
The swing phase is concerned with only limb advancement.
What is the requirement of the Swing phase?
Requirement: sufficient clearance of the foot from
the floor.
What movements occur in the subphases of the Swing Phase?
Initial Swing
Midswing
Terminal Swing
1) Initial swing and 2) midswing –
–Flexion of hip, knee and ankle
3) terminal swing –
–knee extension
Define Step Length
Step length: distance between the initial contact of one foot to the initial contact of the opposite foot (measured from the heel).
Define Stride Length
Stride length: the distance between the initial contact of one foot and initial contact of that same foot again.
Define Stride Width
Step width: the horizontal distance between the two feet measured from the midpoint of one heel to the midpoint of the next heel contact
What is the normal step length of an individual?
How does it differ in pathological situations?
Normal step length is approximately 15 inches
In pathological conditions, step length may be significantly different between two sides
Width of a normal base during ambulation is?
•Width of a normal base during ambulation measures from 2-4 inches
Increasing the speed of walking requires?
Increasing the speed of walking requires increasing the stride length or stride rate or both.
(Stance Phase)
What muscles are needed in the initial contact phase?(makes contact with surface; weight acceptance)
Muscular Force:
• Tibialis anterior, Quadriceps
• Gluteus maximus/medius
(Stance Phase)
What muscles are needed in the loading phase?
(shock absorption)
Muscular Force:
• Tibialis anterior, Quadriceps
• Gluteus maximus
(Stance Phase)
What muscles are needed in the mid stance phase?
(single limb support)
Muscular Force
Gastrocnemius/soleus, gluteus maximus/medius/minimus, TFL (tensor fascia latae)
(Stance Phase)
What muscles are needed in the Terminal stance phase? Single limb support; propulsion (pushing forward)
Muscular Force
• Gastrocnemius
(Stance Phase)
What muscles are needed in the pre-swing (propulsion) phase?
Gastrocnemius, hip adductors, rectus femoris
(Swing Phase)
What muscles are needed in the Initial swing: limb shortening for foot clearance phase?
- Muscular Force
* Tibialis anterior, hamstrings, iliopsoas
(Swing Phase)
What muscles are needed in the Midswing: limb shortening for foot clearance; momentum phase?
Tibialis anterior, iliopsoas
(Swing Phase)
What muscles are needed in the Terminal swing: limb advancement, preparation for initial contact phase?
Tibialis anterior, gluteus maximus and hamstrings
What is the average age of independent walking?
Average age of independent walking is typically between 11-15 months of age.
What type of gait do children have? Where is stepping initiated? What are the upper extremities essential for?
Children have a wide-based gait; stepping is initiated at the hips; upper extremity is essential for balance.
What movements occur in the Swing phase in children?
excessive hip and knee flexion, hip abduction and
lateral rotation.
What movements occur in the Stance phase in children?
initial contact with flat foot instead of heel, knee hyperextension; weight-bearing on pronated foot.
What 6 things are needed for mature walking?
•Stability in stance
•Sufficient foot clearance in swing phase
•Appropriate foot positioning during swing for
initial contact
•Adequate step length
•Efficient energy expenditure
•Good body alignment prevents friction in
joints and reduces likelihood of strain/injury.
With increased age what 4 things may affect gait?
–Balance
–Muscle strength
–Sensory information
–Cognition
Four characteristics of gait common in adults include:
- Wider base of support
- Decreased arm swing
- Decreased stride length
- Increased time in double support
How do reflexes affect gait?
Properly functioning reflexes contribute to well coordinated efficient gait.
What can affect the walking reflex?
Injury, disease or substance abuse can interfere with walking reflex.
How does the body compensate in situations that the walking reflex has interferences?
In these situations, compensatory mechanisms are used to maintain functional ambulation which results in abnormal patterns of walking.
What happens in abnormal walking patterns?
With abnormal walking patterns, there is increased energy expenditure and stress on other body segments.
What happens in CVA (stroke) disorder to gait?
CVA: gait is asymmetrical, step length is shorter with involved leg.
What happens in Parkinson’s disease to gait?
Parkinson’s disease: muscle rigidity, tremor and akinesia.
What happens in akinesia to gait?
Akinesia: difficulty initiating movement.
What happens in cerebral palsy to gait?
Cerebral palsy: crouched gait is evident in spastic CP of LE. Legs and hips are in chronic flexion.
What happens in ataxia to gait?
Ataxia: muscular incoordination that occurs with voluntary movement often seen as wide based movements;
–common with cerebellar damage ie. Multiple Sclerosis
Orthopedic conditions
What is genu recurvatum
Genu recurvatum gait: hamstring weakness results in knee hyperextending in stance phase.
Orthopedic conditions
What is Trendelenburg gait?
Trendelenburg gait: (gluteus medius lurch) weakness of the gluteus medius on one side causes the opposite hip/pelvis to drop. There is excessive lateral hip motion which manifests in a waddling gait.
Orthopedic conditions
What is Quadriceps Weakness?
Quadriceps Weakness: due to quadriceps weakness, the knee is placed in extension. During terminal swing, knee extension is controlled by the gluteus maximus.
Why is mobility important?
Mobility is important in the ability to move from one position to another.
Basic types of mobility include:
Rolling and floor-to-stand
–Rolling is the earliest pattern used for floor mobility
–Moving from supine to prone or from prone to supine, involves trunk rotation
Describe the 4 steps in supine to prone.
- Sequence of movement: supine to prone towards the right side
- Rolling sequence begins with L UE reaching across the body; movement initiated with humerus and scapula followed by left elbow, wrist and hand motions.
- Arm movement is followed by head motion which is followed by trunk rotation. As trunk rotates, the left hip begins its motion.
- Full rotation of body occurs
What is the Joint motion for Supine to Prone? (6 parts)
- Left arm leads by scapular protraction and shoulder flexion, horizontal adduction.
- Left elbow moves towards extension, forearm pronation and finger extension/abduction.
- Right arm prepares to move out of the way of the body roll
- Head turns to the right, neck rotates and laterally flexes to the right
- Trunk rotates to the right
- Left hip flexes and adducts, the knee flexes and ankle and foot is in neutral or in plantarflexion
What is the Muscle Activity for Supine to Prone?
- Left Scapula: (muscles involved): serratus anterior, upper and lower trapezius
- GHJ is flexed by anterior deltoid, clavicular portion of pectoralis major, coracobrachialis
- Elbow extension through triceps
- Forearm pronation through pronator quadratus and pronator teres
- Neck rotation and flexion through sternocleidomastoid muscle and R scalene muscles
- Trunk flexes against gravity with use of rectus abdominus and rotation via R internal oblique and L external oblique
What you observe with a specific motion such as supine to prone starts with:
- Sequence of movement
- Joint motion
- Muscles involved
What is activity analysis?
Activity analysis is what Occupational Therapists
must do to identify dysfunction/function in movement
What are the basic types of mobility?
- Floor-to-stand • Sit-to-stand
- Occupation and daily Activities
- Lifting • Vacuuming • Computer tasks
What is the sequence of movement when reaching overhead? (Reaching Overhead (to retrieve an object from a closet)
• Stabilization of scapula as humerus begins elevation
• Rotator cuff muscles stabilize humeral head
• Elbow extension occurs
• Fingers extend towards the object
• Once object is in hand, the finger flex to conform to
the object
Joint motions with overhead activity includes (reaching overhead)?
• Scapular upward rotation and protraction, gh flexion
and elbow extension
• Wrist is in extension and fingers in flexion for grasping or maintaining grasp
Muscle activity with overhead activity?
- LE stabilizers: tibialis anterior/quadriceps, erector spinae muscles (control trunk movement)
- Scapular motion: trapezius, serratus anterior
- GH motion: pectoralis major, coracobrachialis and anterior deltoid
- Triceps extends the elbow
- Wrist changes with positioning which influences both flexors and extensors (FCU, ECRL/B, ECU)
