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macOS Support Essentials 12 > Troubleshoot System and Startup Issues > Flashcards

Troubleshoot System and Startup Issues Flashcards

1
Q

What is system initialization?

A

The process required to start macOS

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2
Q

What is user sessions?

A

The processes required to prepare the user environment

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3
Q

What are the primary system initialization stages in macOS Monterey?

A
  1. Firmware
  2. Booter
  3. Kernel
  4. launchd
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4
Q

How does a Mac with Apple silicon or an Intel-based Mac with the T2 chip ensure security during macOS Monterey startup?

A

It has a security policy to ensure that your hardware and software haven’t been tampered with. From the time you turn your Mac on, your Mac uses its hardware to verify each step of the boot process.

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5
Q

Where can you adjust the security policy of your Mac?

A

In the Startup Security Utility in macOS Recovery

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6
Q

What is the default security policy for Mac computers with Apple silicon?

A

Full Security

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7
Q

What is firmware?

A

Firmware initializes the Mac computer’s hardware and locates the startup file on a system volume.

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8
Q

What’s the Power-On Self Test (POST)?

A

A task your Mac firmware performs and it checks for basic hardware functionality when a Mac powers on.

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9
Q

What happens when a Mac passes the POST?

A

The display should power on and your Mac should play a startup tone. The firmware then locate the booster file.

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10
Q

True/False: A Mac plays the startup tone every time it powers on/restarts.

A

False, it only plays the startup tone only during a startup, not during a restart.

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11
Q

Which system booter file does the firmware pick by default?

A

Whatever booter file was last specified from Startup Disk preferences.

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12
Q

How do you know if your Mac/firmware has found the booter file?

A

The Mac displays the Apple logo in the center of the main display

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13
Q

What does your Mac show if the firmware can’t locate a booter file?

A

A flashing folder icon with a question mark

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14
Q

If FileVault is enabled on a Mac, what needs to happen at the startup window?

A

A FileVault enabled user has to log in to unlock the system disk

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15
Q

What does the booter process do?

A

Started by your Mac firmware, it loads the macOS kernel and enough essential kernel extensions (kexts) that the kernel can take over he system and continue the startup process.

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16
Q

What file is the booter located in?

A

/System/Library/CoreServices/boot.efi

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17
Q

How do you know if the booter has loaded the kernel?

A

It displays a small progress bar below the Apple icon.

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18
Q

if your Mac is starting up from the Internet recoveryOS, what does the screen display?

A

A spinning globe that is replaced by a progress bar after the kernel is loaded.

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19
Q

If your Mac fails to start up from Internet recoveryOS, what does the screen show?

A

A globe with an alert symbol

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20
Q

What does a prohibitory icon replacing the Apple logo during startup mean?

A

The booter can’t load the kernel.

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21
Q

What role does launchd serve during Mac startup?

A

launchd starts macOS Monterey processes, manages macOS Monterey initialization, and starts the loginwindow process.

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22
Q

What user type owns the lauchd process?

A

The System Administrator (root)

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23
Q

What are two locations for launchd to find preference files that control how various processes are configured?

A
  1. /System/Library/LaunchDaemons folder for system processes

2. /Library/LaunchDaemons folder for third-party processes

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24
Q

What are the primary user session stages in macOS Monterey?

A
  1. loginwindow
  2. launchd
  3. User environment
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25
Q

What does the loginwindow user session stage do/show?

A

Responsible for presenting the login screen and logging in the user. If successful, this stage results in the initialization of the user environment, allowing user apps to run.

26
Q

What does the launchd user sessions stage do/show?

A

It works in conjunction with the loginwindow process to initialize the user environment and start any user processes or apps.

27
Q

What does the User environment user session stage do/show?

A

It is the “space” that users’ processes and apps exist in when users are logged in. Maintained by the loginwindow and launchd processes.

28
Q

What is the SystemUIServer responsible for?

A

User interface elements like menu bar status icons on the right side of the menu bar

29
Q

True/False: The loginwindow processes continue to run as long as a user is logged in to a session.

A

True

30
Q

What are the differences between launch daemons, startup items, launch agents and login items?

A

The launchd process launches all other system processes, including launch daemons and startup items during Mac startup. When a user logs in, the launchd process running on behalf of the user account processes launch agent and login items.

31
Q

When should you power down a Mac by pressing and holding the power button?

A

If the Mac has become unresponsive.

32
Q

Where can you adjust settings such as “Turn display off after”, “Put hard disks to sleep when possible”, and schedule a start up or wake?

A

Energy Saver preferences pan in System Preferences.

33
Q

Where. can you adjust the setting, “Require password after sleep or screen saver beings” and then choose an amount of time from the menu?

A

Security and Privacy General preferences pane in System Preferences

34
Q

What are the Safe Sleep, Standby, and Power Nap modes?

A

Modes the Mac uses to reduce power usage and to safeguard data. When a Mac goes to sleep, it copies the entire contents of system memory to an image file on the system volume.

35
Q

What is Safe Sleep?

A

Your Mac enters this mode if the batter becomes completely drained or if you leave your Mac idle for a long time. To wake your computer, restart your Mac as if it was shut down.

36
Q

How can you tell if your Mac is restarting from safe sleep mode?

A

The Mac might display:

  1. A light gray version of your Mac screen as it appeared when sleep was initiated
  2. A segmented progress indicator at the bottom of the main display
37
Q

What is Standby Mode?

A

Your Intel-based Mac enters this mode as a power-saving stand when it’s in sleep mode and completely idle for man than three hours.

38
Q

How do you wake a Mac from Standby Mode?

A

Interact with the keyboard, trackpad, or mouse. No restart is needed.

39
Q

What is Power Nap?

A

Power Nap is a state that periodically runs updates while your Intel-based Mac is in sleep mode. The type of updated information varies depending on whether your Intel-based Mac is running on battery power or plugged into a power adapter.

40
Q

True/False: Power Nap is required for Mac computers with Apple silicon.

A

False, macOS Monterey features advanced power management that’s integrated with the Apple silicon chip. It automatically allocates tasks between parts of Apple silicon that are designed for performance and those that are designed for efficiency.

41
Q

What activities can a Mac that supports Power Nap do while the Mac is asleep while on battery power?

A
  1. Mail receives new messages
  2. iCloud updates can occur (Contacts, Calendar, Reminders, Notes, Documents, Photo Stream, and Find My all keep up to date with changes on other devices.)
  3. VPN On Demand continues working so that your corporate email updates security.
  4. An MDM solution can remotely lock and wipe your Mac.
42
Q

What activities can a Mac that supports Power Nap do while the Mac is asleep and plugged into a power outlet?

A
  1. Software updates and App Store items download
  2. Time Machine performs backups
  3. Spotlight performs indexing
  4. User Guid and Help content updates
  5. Wireless base stations can wake your Mac using Wake on Wireless
43
Q

What happens during user logout?

A

The users loginwindow process performs the following actions:

  1. Request that user apps quit
  2. Automatically quits user background processes
  3. Runs logout scripts
  4. Records the logout to the “main system.log” file
  5. Quits the user’s loginwindow and launchd processes
44
Q

What happens during Mac shutdown?

A

When a Mac shuts down, loginwindow logs users out and then tells the kernel to quit the remaining macOS Monterey processes. Then the Mac shuts down.

45
Q

How do you start up a Mac with Apple silicon in safe mode?

A

Turn the Mac off. Then press and hold the power button until startup disks and Options appear. Press and hold the Shift key, then click Continue in Safe Mode.

46
Q

How do you start up an Intel-based Mac in Safe Mode?

A

Press and hold the Shift key during startup to initiate Safe Mode. Release the Shift key when you see the login window.

47
Q

For an Intel-based Mac computer on startup, what keyboard shortcut can you use to temporarily choose another startup disk?

A

Option key

48
Q

For an Intel-based Mac computer on startup, what keyboard shortcut can you use to start up the Mac to the local macOS Recovery

A

Command-R

49
Q

For an Intel-based Mac computer on startup, what keyboard shortcut can you use to start up Apple Diagnostics

A

The “D” key

50
Q

If Apple Diagnostics discovers a problem, what does it show you?

A

One or more reference codes relating to the error it found.

51
Q

What are the 5 main things starting a Mac in Safe Mode does?

A
  1. Verifies your startup disk and attempts to repair directory issues, if needed.
  2. Loads only required system extensions
  3. Prevents login items from opening automatically
  4. Disables user-installed fonts
  5. Deletes font caches, the kernel cache, and other system cache files.
52
Q

What is verbose mode?

A

A startup mode where the system does not hide the startup progress from you. Instead, your Intel-based Mac displays a black background with white text showing details of the startup process.

53
Q

How do you enter verbose mode?

A

On startup, press Command-V

54
Q

What is Single-User Mode?

A

A startup mode where the system starts only core kernel and operating system functionality.

55
Q

How do you enter Single-User mode?

A

On startup, press Command-S

56
Q

How do you enter target disk mode?

A

On startup, press the “T” key

57
Q

What key combination resets NVRAM?

A

Option-Command-P-R

58
Q

What is Erase Assistant?

A

A feature that simplifies the task of preparing a Mac with Apple Silicon or an Intel-based Mac with the T2 Security Chip for redeployment, sale, or retirement.

59
Q

What 6 things does Erase Assistant do?

A
  1. Signs you out of Apple services
  2. Turns off Find My and Activation Lock
  3. Unpairs all Bluetooth accessories
  4. Erases your content and setting sand any apps you have installed
  5. Erases all volumes and partitions you may have configured
  6. Erases all user accounts and their data
60
Q

How do you start Erase Assistant?

A

Open System Preferences and in the menu bar, choose Erase All Content and Settings.

macOS Support Essentials 12 (28 decks)

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