Trematoda Exam II Flashcards
Class Trematoda typically referred to as _________, their common name.
Class Trematoda typically referred to as flukes, their common name.
Trematodes belong to the phylum _________ typically referred to as _________, their common name.
Trematodes belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes typically referred to as Flatworms, their common name.
Trematoda fall into 2 main sublasses, the ________ which require __________ and the _________ which require ___________.
Trematoda fall into 2 main sublasses, the Monogenea which require a direct life cycle and the Digenea which require an intermediate host.
Of the subclasses, ________ is considered of veterinary importance and are found exclusively on vertebrates.
Of the subclasses, Digenea is considered of veterinary importance and are found exclusively on vertebrates.
General characteristics of trematodes include:
- ___________, or leaf like
- __________ for attachment
- ___________ independent
- Incomplete __________ without opening at the _____________
- Typical life cycle is ________
- Occur primarily in _______, ________ and ____________
General characteristics of trematodes include:
- Dorso-ventrally flattened, or leaf like
- Oral and ventral suckers for attachment
- Genitally independent
- Incomplete alimentary tract without opening at the posterior end
- Typical life cycle is indirect
- Occur primarily in bile ducts, alimentary tract and vascular system
Generally, adult trematodes are _________ with two __________ and thier bodies are covered with _________.
Generally, adult trematodes are unsegmented with two suckers and thier bodies are covered with spines.
The_______ sucker surrounds the _______ and the _______ sucker can be found near the __________ or the __________.
The anterior oral sucker surrounds the mouth and the ventral sucker can be found near the middle of the body or the posterior end.
Characteristics of trematodes that are used for species identification include:
Characteristics of trematodes that are used for species identification include:
Size, Site of Infection, Location of the Suckers
Three stages of development of a trematode:
- Miracidium
- Cercaria
- Metacercaria
Miracidium
Free swimming ciliated larvae that emerge from the egg.
______________ are infectious for aquatic snails.
Miracidium are infectious for aquatic snails.
Cercaria
Free swimming, tadpole like larvae.
__________ are infectious for second intermediate host or definitive host in the absence of a second intermediate host.
Cercaria are infectious for second intermediate host or definitive host in the absence of a second intermediate host.
Metacercaria
Encysted resting stage that is either free in the environment or in intermediate host.
___________ is infectious for definitive hosts.
Metacercaria is infectious for definitive hosts.
Typical Trematode eggs identifiable characteristics.
Eggs are oval, usually large and heavy, and in many species are yellow to brown in color. Most species have an operculum.
Typical life cycle of trematodes
- Eggs deposited in feces. (Egg must fall into water)
- Miracidium develops in egg, and escapes cell
- Miracidium swim to find suitable species of snail
- Within snail, Miracidium undergoes asexual reproduction to produce Cercariae
- Cercariae emerge from snail and encyst as Metacercariae on vegetation of in another IH
- Definitive host ingests Metacercariae, encysts in the intestine
- Juvenile flukes emerge and migrate to predilection site of infection.
____________ is the diagnostic method of choice for trematodes due to their large size and heaviness of the eggs.
Fecal Sedimentation is the diagnostic method of choice for trematodes due to their large size and heaviness of the eggs.
General treatment for trematodes in dogs and cats
There are no products labeled for treatment of trematodes in dogs and cats. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice, Epsiprantel and Fenbendazole are also reported as effective.
Preventation of trematode infection of dogs and cats accomplished by______________.
Preventation of trematode infection of dogs and cats accomplished by** avoiding predation and scavaging activity**.
Prevention of trematode infection of large animals accomplished by ______________.
Prevention of trematode infection of large animals accomplished by fencing off marshy areas and fountains if practical, cleaning/treating water troughs and spraying environment with molluscicide.
Canine and Feline Trematodes:
Paragonimus kellicotti
Nanophyetus salmincola
Alaria spp
Platynosomum fastosum
Large Animal Trematodes:
Fasciola hepatica
Fascioloides magna
Paramphistomum spp
Dicrocoelium spp
________ the final host(s) of Paragonimus kellicotti.
Dogs and Cats are the final host(s) of Paragonimus kellicotti.
Intermediate host(s) of Paragonimus kellicotti include the ________________.
Intermediate host(s) of Paragonimus kellicotti include the** Snail (1) and Crayfish (2)**.
Adult Paragonimus kellicotti can be ________ mm long.
Adult Paragonimus kellicotti can be **up to 16 **mm long.
Eggs of Paragonimus kellicotti can be _________ um long.
Eggs of Paragonimus kellicotti can be 80-110 um long.
The PPP of Paragonimus kellicotti is ______ in the dog.
The PPP of Paragonimus kellicotti is 4-5 weeks in the dog
The PPP of Paragonimus kellicotti is ______ in the cat.
The PPP of Paragonimus kellicotti is up to 10 weeks in the Cat.
______________ the final host(s) of Nanophyetus salmincola.
Dogs and cats, other fish eating mammals the final host(s) of Nanophyetus salmincola.
Intermediate host(s) of Nanophyetus salmincola include ______________.
Intermediate host(s) of Nanophyetus salmincola include Snail (1) and various Salmonid Fish (2).
Adult Nanophyetus salmincola can be __________ mm long.
Adult Nanophyetus salmincola can be** up to 2.5** mm long.
Eggs of Nanophyetus salmincola can be ________ um long.
Eggs of Nanophyetus salmincola can be **up to 80 ** um long.
The PPP of Nanophyetus salmincola is ___________.
The PPP of Nanophyetus salmincola is about 1 week.
___________ the final host(s) of Alaria spp.
Dogs and Cats are the final host(s) of Alaria spp.
Intermediate host(s) of Alaria spp include __________
Intermediate host(s) of Alaria spp include Snail (1) and Tadpoles (2)
Paratenic hosts of Alaria spp ____________.
Paratenic hosts of Alaria spp Frogs, Snakes, Mice and other Small Mammals.
Adult Alaria can be ________ mm long.
Adult Alaria can be up to 6 mm long.
Eggs of Alaria can be ________ um long.
Eggs of Alaria can be **up to 130 **um long.
The PPP of Alaria is __________.
The PPP of Alaria is 5 weeks.
_____________ the final host(s) of Platynosomum fastosum.
**Cats are **the final host(s) of Platynosomum fastosum.
Intermediate host(s) of Platynosomum fastosum include _______________.
Intermediate host(s) of Platynosomum fastosum include Snail (1) and Crustacean (2).
Paratenic hosts of Platynosomum fastosum include ______________.
Paratenic hosts of Platynosomum fastosum include Lizards, Toads, Geckos, Skinks.
Adult Platynosomum fastosum can be _______ mm long.
Adult Platynosomum fastosum can be up to 8 mm long.
Eggs of Platynosomum fastosum can be _____ um long.
Eggs of Platynosomum fastosum can be up to 50 um long.
The PPP of Platynosomum fastosum is _________.
The PPP of Platynosomum fastosum is 2-3 months.
Common name of Paragonimus kellicotti is __________.
Common name of Paragonimus kellicotti is Lung Fluke.
Paragonimus kellicotti is distributed in ____________ area.
Paragonimus kellicotti is distributed in North American area.
Adult Paragonimus kellicotti are a _________ color with a _________.
Adult Paragonimus kellicotti are a reddish brown color with a **spiny tegument **.
Zoonotic Trematodes:
- Paragonimus kellicotti
- Nanophyetus salmincola
- Alaria spp.
- Fasciola hepatic
- Dicrocoelium spp
Adult Paragonimus kellicotti are found in _______ , normally in pairs within the __________.
Adult Paragonimus kellicotti are found in cysts , normally in pairs within the lung parenchyma.
Life Cycle of Paragonimus kellicotti
- Eggs pass from pulmonary cyst are coughed up, swallowed and found in the feces
- Eggs reach water, Miracidia emerge and penetrate snail
- Cercariae emerge from snail to penetrate a crayfish and form Metacercariae.
- Definitive host ingests the crayfish
- Juvenile cyst excysts in the intestine, penetrates the gut wall, migrates through peritoneal cavity to the lung
Developing Pargonimus kellicotti cause the formation of ___________ which may be evident on thoracic radiographs.
Developing Pargonimus kellicotti cause the formation of pulmonary cysts which may be evident on thoracic radiographs.
Clinical signs of a moderate infection of Paragonimus kellicotti are ___________________.
Clinical signs of a moderate infection of Paragonimus kellicotti are absent or generally mild with intermittent cough.
Clinical signs of a heavy infection of Paragonimus kellicotti are ____________________.
Clinical signs of a heavy infection of Paragonimus kellicotti are chronic low grade cough and pneumonia, dyspnea and lethargy.
Common name for Nanophyetus salmincola is ________________.
Common name for Nanophyetus salmincola is Salmon Poisoning Fluke.
Nanophyetus salmincola are commonly found in _____________ area.
Nanophyetus salmincola are commonly found in **North America, Northwest Pacific ** area.
Adult Nanophyetus salmincola are ____________ in color.
Adult Nanophyetus salmincola are creamy white in color.
Nanophyetus salmincola can be found in the ___________ of its final host.
Nanophyetus salmincola can be found in the small intestine of its final host.
Clinical problems from Nanophyetus salmincola are caused by ____________________.
Clinical problems from Nanophyetus salmincola are caused by rickettsial organism.
Rickettsial organism carried by Nanophyetus salmincola causes _________________ disease in dogs only, not any other final hosts.
Rickettsial organism carried by Nanophyetus salmincola causes **Salmon Poisoning **disease in dogs only, not any other final hosts.
Salmon Poisoing causes clinical signs such as ___________________.
Salmon Poisoing causes clinical signs such as haemorrhagic enteritis, lymph node enlargement, sudden onset of fever, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and high mortality.
Treatment for Nanophyetus salmincola includes ___________ and _____________ for the trematode and ______________ for the rickettsial organisms.
Treatment for Nanophyetus salmincola includes Praziquantel and Fenbendazole for the trematode and Tetracycline for the rickettsial organisms.
Common name for Alaria spp is ____________.
Common name for Alaria spp is Intestinal Fluke.
Alaria are commonly found in _____________. (Distribution)
Alaria are commonly found in North America. (Distribution)
Adult Alaria are found in the ___________.
Adult Alaria are found in the** Small Intestine**.
Adult Alaria have a _________ forebody with a ____________ and it will wrap around the mucosa of the intestinal tract; the hind part is ________.
Adult Alaria have a flattened forebody with a ventral groove and it will wrap around the mucosa of the intestinal tract; the hind part is cylindrical.
Clinical signs of Alaria spp are ______________.
Clinical signs of Alaria spp are usually not evident in the final host.
Immature Alaria are found in the __________ of the host
Immature Alaria are found in the lungs of the host
A life cycle stage unique to Alaria occurs after the cercariae emerge from the snail and penetrate the paratenic host, where they transform into ___________.
A life cycle stage unique to Alaria occurs after the cercariae emerge from the snail and penetrate the paratenic host, where they transform into mesocercariae.
Common disease causeed by Platynosomum fastosum is ______________.
Common disease causeed by Platynosomum fastosum is lizard poisoning.
Platynosomum fastosum is commonly found in ________________. (Distribution)
Platynosomum fastosum is commonly found in North America, coastal southeastern United States and Hawaii. (Distribution)
Adult Platynosomum fastosum are found in the ___________ of host.
Adult Platynosomum fastosum are found in the bile duct of host.
Adult Platynosomum can cause _____________ of the bile ducts.
Adult Platynosomum can cause** hyperplasia** of the bile ducts.
Light infections of Platynosomum fastosum are typically ___________________.
Light infections of Platynosomum fastosum are typically non-pathogenic.
Heavy infections of Platynosomum fastosum can result in _____________.
Heavy infections of Platynosomum fastosum can result in Lizard Poisoning.
Clinical signs of Lizard poisoning caused by Platynosomum fastosum include ________________.
Clinical signs of Lizard poisoning caused by Platynosomum fastosum include jaundice, diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, enlarge palpable liver with distended abdomen, emaciation and death.
_____________ final host(s) of Fasciola hepatica.
**Cattle, sheep, goats, horses, deer, man and other animals are **final host(s) of Fasciola hepatica.
Intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica is ____________.
Intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica is Snail.
Adult Fasciola hepatica can be _________ cm long.
Adult Fasciola hepatica can be 2.5-3.5 cm long.
Eggs of Fasciola hepatica can be ___________ um long.
Eggs of Fasciola hepatica can be 130 um long.
The PPP of Fasciola hepatica is __________.
The PPP of Fasciola hepatica is 10-12 weeks.
___________ host(s) for Fascioloides magna.
White tailed deer host(s) for Fascioloides magna.
Aberrant hosts of Fascioloides magna include ____________
Aberrant hosts of Fascioloides magna include cattle, sheep, goats, horses and pigs.
Intermediate host of Fascioloides is ____________.
Intermediate host of Fascioloides is Snail.
Adult Fascioloides magna can be ____________ cm long.
Adult Fascioloides magna can be 10 cm long.
Eggs of Fascioloides magna can be __________ um long.
Eggs of Fascioloides magna can be up to 150 um long.
The PPP of Fascioloides magna is ____________.
The PPP of Fascioloides magna is 8 months.
_______________ host(s) of Paramphistomum spp.
**Cattle, sheep, goats and deer are **host(s) of Paramphistomum spp.
Intermediate host of Paramphistomum spp. is ____________.
Intermediate host of Paramphistomum spp. is snail.
Adult Paramphistomum spp can be _______ cm long.
Adult Paramphistomum spp can be **1 **cm long.
Eggs of Paramphistomum spp can be ____________ um long.
Eggs of Paramphistomum spp can be **up to 130 **um long.
The PPP of Paramphistomum spp is _________.
The PPP of Paramphistomum spp is 7-10 weeks.
____________ host(s) of Dicrocoelium spp.
Cattle, sheep, goats and deer arehost(s) of Dicrocoelium spp.
Intermediate hosts of Dicrocoelium spp are ____________.
Intermediate hosts of Dicrocoelium spp are Snail (1) and Ant (2).
Adult Dicrocoelium spp can be ___________ cm long.
Adult Dicrocoelium spp can be **up to 1 **cm long.
Eggs of Dicrocoelium spp can be ________ um long.
Eggs of Dicrocoelium spp can be up to 40 um long.
The PPP of Dicrocoelium spp is ____________.
The PPP of Dicrocoelium spp is 10-12 weeks.
Common name for Fasciola hepatica is ______________.
Common name for Fasciola hepatica is Liver Fluke.
Distribution of Fasciola hepatica is _____________.
Distribution of Fasciola hepatica is worldwide
Adult Fasciola hepatica can be found in the ___________ of a host.
Adult Fasciola hepatica can be found in the bile ducts of the liver of a host.
At necropsy, adults of ___________ are found in the liver ducts and gallbladder and a black iron-porphyrin compound can be seen in the migratory pathways.
At necropsy, adults of Fasciola hepatica are found in the liver ducts and gallbladder and a black iron-porphyrin compound can be seen in the migratory pathways.
Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica
- Eggs pass in feces
- Eggs become embryonated in water
- Eggs release Miracidia that invade a suitable snail host
- Cercariae are released from the snail
- Encyst as Metacercariae on aquatic vegetation
- Host ingests Metacercariae on plant
- Metacercariae excyst in the duodenum and migrate
____________ stages of Fasciola hepatica migrate and feed in the liver and rupture the liver parenchyma and blood vessels, fibrosis replaces necrotic tracts left behind.
Immature Fasciola hepatica stages of Fasciola hepatica migrate and feed in the liver and rupture the liver parenchyma and blood vessels, fibrosis replaces necrotic tracts left behind.
Adult Fasciola hepatica in the bile ducts __________, their spiny teguments ___________ the mucosa, liberates _______ and allows ________ to leak from the defective bile duct.
Adult Fasciola hepatica in the bile ducts suck blood, their spiny teguments irritate and disrupt the mucosa, liberates toxins and allows protein to leak from the defective bile duct.
Acute fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatic is uncommon in ________.
Acute fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatic is uncommon in cattle.
Chronic fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica is more common and associated with ________________.
Chronic fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica is more common and associated with mature flukes in bile ducts.
Heavy infections of Fasciola hepatica result in _____________.
Heavy infections of Fasciola hepatica result in anemia, pale mucus membranes, weakness, weight loss, submandibular edema, ascites and anorexia.
_____________ is the diagnostic test of choice for Fasciola hepatica due to ___________.
Antibody and Excretion / Secretion product ELISA’s is the diagnostic test of choice for Fasciola hepatica due to intermittent shedding.
____________ is effective against immature and adult Fasciola hepatica. __________ is approved for removal of adult Fasciola hepatica.
Clorsulon is effective against immature and adult Fasciola hepatica.
- Cattle must be treated within 8 days of slaughter*
- *Albendazole **is approved for removal of adult Fasciola hepatica.
- Neither drug is approved for use in dairy cattle of breeding ages*
Common name of Fascioloides magna is ____________.
Common name of Fascioloides magna is Deer Fluke or Large American Lung Fluke.
Distribution of Fascioloides magna is ________________.
Distribution of Fascioloides magna is North and Central America, South Africa and Europe.
Fascioloides magna is very similar to ____________.
Fascioloides magna is very similar to F. hepatica.
Juvenile Fascioloides magna wander aimlessly and destructively in _______________.
Juvenile Fascioloides magna wander aimlessly and destructively in liver tissue.
Life Cycle of Fascioloides magna
- Fibrous cyst forms around the fluke, usually in pairs
- Mature into adults witin cyst and lay eggs
- Cyst has a hole allowing the eggs to enter the bile duct and be found in the feces
Fascioloides magna in cattle, bison and other dead in hosts results in _________________.
Fascioloides magna in cattle, bison and other dead in hosts results in a cyst forms limiting the damage caused by the immature stages. There is no hole in the cysts so eggs never enter the bile..
Fascioloides magna in sheep, goats and other aberrant hosts results in _________________.
Fascioloides magna in sheep, goats and other aberrant hosts results in a cyst never forms. The damage from the meandering immature stages continues and the host dies..
Animals found with Fascioloides magna at slaughter results in _______________.
Animals found with Fascioloides magna at slaughter results in econoic loss due to liver condemption.
Fascioloides magna can be treated with ____________, although it is an off-label treatment in the United States.
Fascioloides magna can be treated with Clorsulon, although it is an off-label treatment in the United States.
Prevention of Fascioloides magna acheived by _______________.
Prevention of Fascioloides magna acheived by restricting contact with deer, land my be unusable for farming deer and domestic livestock together..
Common name for Paramphistomum spp is _______________.
Common name for Paramphistomum spp is Rumen Flukes or Stomach Flukes.
Distribution of Paramphistomum spp is ___________.
Distribution of Paramphistomum spp is worldwide
Paramphistomum spp excyst in the __________ and the immature stages penetrate mucosa and migrate to the ______________.
Paramphistomum spp excyst in the **duodenum **and the immature stages penetrate mucosa and migrate to the abomasum
Migrating Paramphistomum juveniles can cause _________________________.
Migrating Paramphistomum juveniles can cause severe enteritis, hemorrhage, diarrhea, anorexia, depression, dehydration, anemia and bottle jaw..
Migrating Paramphistomum juveniles can lead to ____________________.
Migrating Paramphistomum juveniles can lead to Secondary infections with Clostridium spp..
Paramphistomum develop into adults in the ____________ of the host.
Paramphistomum develop into adults in the rumen of the host.
Adult Paramphistomum are ________ in shape, ______ in color and relatively non-pathogenic.
Adult Paramphistomum are conic in shape, pink in color and relatively non-pathogenic.
Eggs of Paramphistomum are difficult to distinguish from _________________, but tend to be _____________.
Eggs of Paramphistomum are difficult to distinguish from F. hepatica, but tend to be less yellow in color.
Distribution of Dicrocoelium spp is ______________.
Distribution of Dicrocoelium spp is worldwide excluding Austraila and South Africa.
Heavy infection of Dicrocoelium spp can lead to_________________.
Heavy infection of Dicrocoelium spp can lead to** fibrosis of small biliary ducts and may result in cirrhosis**.
Treatment of Dicrocoelium relies on _________ due to the _______________ and ________________.
Treatment of Dicrocoelium relies on anthelmintics due to the longevity of eggs in the environment and wide distribution of intermediate hosts.
Life cycle of Dicrocoeilum Spp.
- Embryonated egg are shed through the feces, ingested by snail
- Cercariae are shed in snail’s slime ball
- Ant ingests cercariae in the slime and inside ant a metacercariae forms
- Metacercariae excyst in small intestine
- Immature flukes migrate to the bile duct where they mature into adults
When Metacercariae of Dicrocoelium forms in the ant’s brain it _________________. It impels the ant to climb up and remain on tips of herbage increasing its chance to be eaten by definitive host.
When Metacercariae of Dicrocoelium forms in the ant’s brain it changes the ant’s behavior. It impels the ant to climb up and remain on tips of herbage increasing its chance to be eaten by definitive host.
Paragonimus kellicotti
Alaria spp.
Nanophyetus salmincola
Platynosomum fastosum
Fasciola hepatica
Miracidium
Cercariae
Metacercarie
Life Cycle of Nanophyetus salmincola
Paragonimus kellicotti
Nanophyelus salmincola
Alaria spp
Platynosomum fastosum
Fasciola hepatica
Fascioloides magna
Paramphistomum spp
Dicrocoelium spp
Dicrocoelium spp
