Trematoda Exam II Flashcards
1
Q
Class Trematoda typically referred to as _________, their common name.
A
Class Trematoda typically referred to as flukes, their common name.
2
Q
Trematodes belong to the phylum _________ typically referred to as _________, their common name.
A
Trematodes belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes typically referred to as Flatworms, their common name.
3
Q
Trematoda fall into 2 main sublasses, the ________ which require __________ and the _________ which require ___________.
A
Trematoda fall into 2 main sublasses, the Monogenea which require a direct life cycle and the Digenea which require an intermediate host.
4
Q
Of the subclasses, ________ is considered of veterinary importance and are found exclusively on vertebrates.
A
Of the subclasses, Digenea is considered of veterinary importance and are found exclusively on vertebrates.
5
Q
General characteristics of trematodes include:
- ___________, or leaf like
- __________ for attachment
- ___________ independent
- Incomplete __________ without opening at the _____________
- Typical life cycle is ________
- Occur primarily in _______, ________ and ____________
A
General characteristics of trematodes include:
- Dorso-ventrally flattened, or leaf like
- Oral and ventral suckers for attachment
- Genitally independent
- Incomplete alimentary tract without opening at the posterior end
- Typical life cycle is indirect
- Occur primarily in bile ducts, alimentary tract and vascular system
6
Q
Generally, adult trematodes are _________ with two __________ and thier bodies are covered with _________.
A
Generally, adult trematodes are unsegmented with two suckers and thier bodies are covered with spines.
7
Q
The_______ sucker surrounds the _______ and the _______ sucker can be found near the __________ or the __________.
A
The anterior oral sucker surrounds the mouth and the ventral sucker can be found near the middle of the body or the posterior end.
8
Q
Characteristics of trematodes that are used for species identification include:
A
Characteristics of trematodes that are used for species identification include:
Size, Site of Infection, Location of the Suckers
9
Q
Three stages of development of a trematode:
A
- Miracidium
- Cercaria
- Metacercaria
10
Q
Miracidium
A
Free swimming ciliated larvae that emerge from the egg.
11
Q
______________ are infectious for aquatic snails.
A
Miracidium are infectious for aquatic snails.
12
Q
Cercaria
A
Free swimming, tadpole like larvae.
13
Q
__________ are infectious for second intermediate host or definitive host in the absence of a second intermediate host.
A
Cercaria are infectious for second intermediate host or definitive host in the absence of a second intermediate host.
14
Q
Metacercaria
A
Encysted resting stage that is either free in the environment or in intermediate host.
15
Q
___________ is infectious for definitive hosts.
A
Metacercaria is infectious for definitive hosts.
16
Q
Typical Trematode eggs identifiable characteristics.
A
Eggs are oval, usually large and heavy, and in many species are yellow to brown in color. Most species have an operculum.
17
Q
Typical life cycle of trematodes
A
- Eggs deposited in feces. (Egg must fall into water)
- Miracidium develops in egg, and escapes cell
- Miracidium swim to find suitable species of snail
- Within snail, Miracidium undergoes asexual reproduction to produce Cercariae
- Cercariae emerge from snail and encyst as Metacercariae on vegetation of in another IH
- Definitive host ingests Metacercariae, encysts in the intestine
- Juvenile flukes emerge and migrate to predilection site of infection.
18
Q
____________ is the diagnostic method of choice for trematodes due to their large size and heaviness of the eggs.
A
Fecal Sedimentation is the diagnostic method of choice for trematodes due to their large size and heaviness of the eggs.
19
Q
General treatment for trematodes in dogs and cats
A
There are no products labeled for treatment of trematodes in dogs and cats. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice, Epsiprantel and Fenbendazole are also reported as effective.
20
Q
Preventation of trematode infection of dogs and cats accomplished by______________.
A
Preventation of trematode infection of dogs and cats accomplished by** avoiding predation and scavaging activity**.
21
Q
Prevention of trematode infection of large animals accomplished by ______________.
A
Prevention of trematode infection of large animals accomplished by fencing off marshy areas and fountains if practical, cleaning/treating water troughs and spraying environment with molluscicide.
22
Q
Canine and Feline Trematodes:
A
Paragonimus kellicotti
Nanophyetus salmincola
Alaria spp
Platynosomum fastosum
23
Q
Large Animal Trematodes:
A
Fasciola hepatica
Fascioloides magna
Paramphistomum spp
Dicrocoelium spp
24
Q
________ the final host(s) of Paragonimus kellicotti.
A
Dogs and Cats are the final host(s) of Paragonimus kellicotti.
25
Intermediate host(s) of Paragonimus kellicotti include the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Intermediate host(s) of Paragonimus kellicotti include the** Snail (1) and Crayfish (2)**.
26
Adult Paragonimus kellicotti can be ________ mm long.
Adult Paragonimus kellicotti can be **up to 16 **mm long.
27
Eggs of Paragonimus kellicotti can be _________ um long.
Eggs of Paragonimus kellicotti can be **80-110** um long.
28
The PPP of Paragonimus kellicotti is ______ in the dog.
The PPP of Paragonimus kellicotti is **4-5 weeks** in the dog
29
The PPP of Paragonimus kellicotti is ______ in the cat.
The PPP of Paragonimus kellicotti is **up to 10 weeks** in the Cat.
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the final host(s) of Nanophyetus salmincola.
**Dogs and cats, other fish eating mammals** the final host(s) of Nanophyetus salmincola.
31
Intermediate host(s) of Nanophyetus salmincola include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Intermediate host(s) of Nanophyetus salmincola include **Snail (1) and various Salmonid Fish (2)**.
32
Adult Nanophyetus salmincola can be __________ mm long.
Adult Nanophyetus salmincola can be** up to 2.5** mm long.
33
Eggs of Nanophyetus salmincola can be ________ um long.
Eggs of Nanophyetus salmincola can be **up to 80 ** um long.
34
The PPP of Nanophyetus salmincola is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The PPP of Nanophyetus salmincola is **about 1 week**.
35
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the final host(s) of Alaria spp.
**Dogs and Cats are** the final host(s) of Alaria spp.
36
Intermediate host(s) of Alaria spp include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Intermediate host(s) of Alaria spp include **Snail (1) and Tadpoles (2)**
37
Paratenic hosts of Alaria spp \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Paratenic hosts of Alaria spp **Frogs, Snakes, Mice and other Small Mammals**.
38
Adult Alaria can be ________ mm long.
Adult Alaria can be **up to 6** mm long.
39
Eggs of Alaria can be ________ um long.
Eggs of Alaria can be **up to 130 **um long.
40
The PPP of Alaria is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The PPP of Alaria is **5 weeks**.
41
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the final host(s) of Platynosomum fastosum.
**Cats are **the final host(s) of Platynosomum fastosum.
42
Intermediate host(s) of Platynosomum fastosum include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Intermediate host(s) of Platynosomum fastosum include **Snail (1) and Crustacean (2)**.
43
Paratenic hosts of Platynosomum fastosum include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Paratenic hosts of Platynosomum fastosum include **Lizards, Toads, Geckos, Skinks**.
44
Adult Platynosomum fastosum can be _______ mm long.
Adult Platynosomum fastosum can be **up to 8** mm long.
45
Eggs of Platynosomum fastosum can be _____ um long.
Eggs of Platynosomum fastosum can be **up to 50** um long.
46
The PPP of Platynosomum fastosum is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The PPP of Platynosomum fastosum is **2-3 months**.
47
Common name of Paragonimus kellicotti is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Common name of Paragonimus kellicotti is **Lung Fluke**.
48
Paragonimus kellicotti is distributed in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ area.
Paragonimus kellicotti is distributed in **North American** area.
49
Adult Paragonimus kellicotti are a _________ color with a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Adult Paragonimus kellicotti are a **reddish brown** color with a **spiny tegument **.
50
Zoonotic Trematodes:
1. Paragonimus kellicotti
2. Nanophyetus salmincola
3. Alaria spp.
4. Fasciola hepatic
5. Dicrocoelium spp
51
Adult Paragonimus kellicotti are found in _______ , normally in pairs within the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Adult Paragonimus kellicotti are found in **cysts** , normally in pairs within the **lung parenchyma**.
52
Life Cycle of Paragonimus kellicotti
1. **Eggs** pass from pulmonary cyst are coughed up, swallowed and found in the feces
2. Eggs reach water, **Miracidia** emerge and penetrate snail
3. **Cercariae** emerge from snail to penetrate a crayfish and form **Metacercariae**.
4. Definitive host ingests the crayfish
5. **Juvenile cyst** excysts in the intestine, penetrates the gut wall, migrates through peritoneal cavity to the lung
53
Developing Pargonimus kellicotti cause the formation of ___________ which may be evident on thoracic radiographs.
Developing Pargonimus kellicotti cause the formation of **pulmonary cysts** which may be evident on thoracic radiographs.
54
Clinical signs of a moderate infection of Paragonimus kellicotti are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Clinical signs of a moderate infection of Paragonimus kellicotti are **absent or generally mild with intermittent cough**.
55
Clinical signs of a heavy infection of Paragonimus kellicotti are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Clinical signs of a heavy infection of Paragonimus kellicotti are **chronic low grade cough and pneumonia, dyspnea and lethargy**.
56
Common name for Nanophyetus salmincola is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Common name for Nanophyetus salmincola is **Salmon Poisoning Fluke**.
57
Nanophyetus salmincola are commonly found in _____________ area.
Nanophyetus salmincola are commonly found in **North America, Northwest Pacific ** area.
58
Adult Nanophyetus salmincola are ____________ in color.
Adult Nanophyetus salmincola are **creamy white** in color.
59
Nanophyetus salmincola can be found in the ___________ of its final host.
Nanophyetus salmincola can be found in the **small intestine** of its final host.
60
Clinical problems from Nanophyetus salmincola are caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Clinical problems from Nanophyetus salmincola are caused by **rickettsial organism**.
61
Rickettsial organism carried by Nanophyetus salmincola causes _________________ disease in dogs only, not any other final hosts.
Rickettsial organism carried by Nanophyetus salmincola causes **Salmon Poisoning **disease in dogs only, not any other final hosts.
62
Salmon Poisoing causes clinical signs such as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Salmon Poisoing causes clinical signs such as **haemorrhagic enteritis, lymph node enlargement, sudden onset of fever, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and high mortality**.
63
Treatment for Nanophyetus salmincola includes ___________ and _____________ for the trematode and ______________ for the rickettsial organisms.
Treatment for Nanophyetus salmincola includes **Praziquantel** and **Fenbendazole** for the trematode and **Tetracycline** for the rickettsial organisms.
64
Common name for Alaria spp is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Common name for Alaria spp is **Intestinal Fluke**.
65
Alaria are commonly found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. (Distribution)
Alaria are commonly found in **North America**. (Distribution)
66
Adult Alaria are found in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Adult Alaria are found in the** Small Intestine**.
67
Adult Alaria have a _________ forebody with a ____________ and it will wrap around the mucosa of the intestinal tract; the hind part is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Adult Alaria have a **flattened** forebody with a **ventral groove** and it will wrap around the mucosa of the intestinal tract; the hind part is **cylindrical**.
68
Clinical signs of Alaria spp are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Clinical signs of Alaria spp are **usually not evident in the final host**.
69
Immature Alaria are found in the __________ of the host
Immature Alaria are found in the **lungs** of the host
70
A life cycle stage unique to Alaria occurs after the cercariae emerge from the snail and penetrate the paratenic host, where they transform into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A life cycle stage unique to Alaria occurs after the cercariae emerge from the snail and penetrate the paratenic host, where they transform into **mesocercariae**.
71
Common disease causeed by Platynosomum fastosum is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Common disease causeed by Platynosomum fastosum is **lizard poisoning**.
72
Platynosomum fastosum is commonly found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. (Distribution)
Platynosomum fastosum is commonly found in **North America, coastal southeastern United States and Hawaii**. (Distribution)
73
Adult Platynosomum fastosum are found in the ___________ of host.
Adult Platynosomum fastosum are found in the **bile duct** of host.
74
Adult Platynosomum can cause _____________ of the bile ducts.
Adult Platynosomum can cause** hyperplasia** of the bile ducts.
75
Light infections of Platynosomum fastosum are typically \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Light infections of Platynosomum fastosum are typically **non-pathogenic**.
76
Heavy infections of Platynosomum fastosum can result in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Heavy infections of Platynosomum fastosum can result in **Lizard Poisoning**.
77
Clinical signs of Lizard poisoning caused by Platynosomum fastosum include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Clinical signs of Lizard poisoning caused by Platynosomum fastosum include **jaundice, diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, enlarge palpable liver with distended abdomen, emaciation and death**.
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ final host(s) of Fasciola hepatica.
**Cattle, sheep, goats, horses, deer, man and other animals are **final host(s) of Fasciola hepatica.
79
Intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica is **Snail**.
80
Adult Fasciola hepatica can be _________ cm long.
Adult Fasciola hepatica can be **2.5-3.5** cm long.
81
Eggs of Fasciola hepatica can be ___________ um long.
Eggs of Fasciola hepatica can be **130** um long.
82
The PPP of Fasciola hepatica is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The PPP of Fasciola hepatica is **10-12 weeks**.
83
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ host(s) for Fascioloides magna.
**White tailed deer** host(s) for Fascioloides magna.
84
Aberrant hosts of Fascioloides magna include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Aberrant hosts of Fascioloides magna include **cattle, sheep, goats, horses and pigs.**
85
Intermediate host of Fascioloides is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Intermediate host of Fascioloides is **Snail**.
86
Adult Fascioloides magna can be ____________ cm long.
Adult Fascioloides magna can be **10** cm long.
87
Eggs of Fascioloides magna can be __________ um long.
Eggs of Fascioloides magna can be **up to 150** um long.
88
The PPP of Fascioloides magna is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The PPP of Fascioloides magna is **8 months**.
89
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ host(s) of Paramphistomum spp.
**Cattle, sheep, goats and deer are **host(s) of Paramphistomum spp.
90
Intermediate host of Paramphistomum spp. is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Intermediate host of Paramphistomum spp. is **snail.**
91
Adult Paramphistomum spp can be _______ cm long.
Adult Paramphistomum spp can be **1 **cm long.
92
Eggs of Paramphistomum spp can be ____________ um long.
Eggs of Paramphistomum spp can be **up to 130 **um long.
93
The PPP of Paramphistomum spp is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The PPP of Paramphistomum spp is **7-10 weeks**.
94
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ host(s) of Dicrocoelium spp.
**Cattle, sheep, goats and deer are**host(s) of Dicrocoelium spp.
95
Intermediate hosts of Dicrocoelium spp are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Intermediate hosts of Dicrocoelium spp are **Snail (1) and Ant (2)**.
96
Adult Dicrocoelium spp can be ___________ cm long.
Adult Dicrocoelium spp can be **up to 1 **cm long.
97
Eggs of Dicrocoelium spp can be ________ um long.
Eggs of Dicrocoelium spp can be **up to 40** um long.
98
The PPP of Dicrocoelium spp is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The PPP of Dicrocoelium spp is **10-12 weeks**.
99
Common name for Fasciola hepatica is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Common name for Fasciola hepatica is **Liver Fluke**.
100
Distribution of Fasciola hepatica is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Distribution of Fasciola hepatica is **worldwide**
101
Adult Fasciola hepatica can be found in the ___________ of a host.
Adult Fasciola hepatica can be found in the **bile ducts of the liver** of a host.
102
At necropsy, adults of ___________ are found in the liver ducts and gallbladder and a black iron-porphyrin compound can be seen in the migratory pathways.
At necropsy, adults of **Fasciola hepatica** are found in the liver ducts and gallbladder and a black iron-porphyrin compound can be seen in the migratory pathways.
103
Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica
1. **Eggs** pass in feces
2. Eggs become embryonated in water
3. Eggs release **Miracidia** that invade a suitable snail host
4. **Cercariae** are released from the snail
5. Encyst as **Metacercariae** on aquatic vegetation
6. Host ingests Metacercariae on plant
7. Metacercariae **excyst** in the duodenum and migrate
104
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stages of Fasciola hepatica migrate and feed in the liver and rupture the liver parenchyma and blood vessels, fibrosis replaces necrotic tracts left behind.
**Immature Fasciola hepatica** stages of Fasciola hepatica migrate and feed in the liver and rupture the liver parenchyma and blood vessels, fibrosis replaces necrotic tracts left behind.
105
Adult Fasciola hepatica in the bile ducts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, their spiny teguments ___________ the mucosa, liberates _______ and allows ________ to leak from the defective bile duct.
Adult Fasciola hepatica in the bile ducts **suck blood**, their spiny teguments **irritate and disrupt** the mucosa, liberates **toxins** and allows **protein** to leak from the defective bile duct.
106
Acute fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatic is uncommon in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Acute fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatic is uncommon in **cattle**.
107
Chronic fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica is more common and associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Chronic fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica is more common and associated with **mature flukes in bile ducts**.
108
Heavy infections of Fasciola hepatica result in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Heavy infections of Fasciola hepatica result in **anemia, pale mucus membranes, weakness, weight loss, submandibular edema, ascites and anorexia**.
109
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the diagnostic test of choice for Fasciola hepatica due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Antibody and Excretion / Secretion product ELISA's** is the diagnostic test of choice for Fasciola hepatica due to **intermittent shedding**.
110
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is effective against immature and adult Fasciola hepatica. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is approved for removal of adult Fasciola hepatica.
**Clorsulon** is effective against immature and adult Fasciola hepatica.
* Cattle must be treated within 8 days of slaughter*
* *Albendazole **is approved for removal of adult Fasciola hepatica.
* Neither drug is approved for use in dairy cattle of breeding ages*
111
Common name of Fascioloides magna is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Common name of Fascioloides magna is **Deer Fluke or Large American Lung Fluke**.
112
Distribution of Fascioloides magna is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Distribution of Fascioloides magna is **North and Central America, South Africa and Europe**.
113
Fascioloides magna is very similar to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Fascioloides magna is very similar to **F. hepatica**.
114
Juvenile Fascioloides magna wander aimlessly and destructively in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Juvenile Fascioloides magna wander aimlessly and destructively in **liver tissue**.
115
Life Cycle of Fascioloides magna
1. Fibrous cyst forms around the fluke, usually in pairs
2. Mature into adults witin cyst and lay eggs
3. Cyst has a hole allowing the eggs to enter the bile duct and be found in the feces
116
Fascioloides magna in cattle, bison and other dead in hosts results in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Fascioloides magna in cattle, bison and other dead in hosts results in **a cyst forms limiting the damage caused by the immature stages. There is no hole in the cysts so eggs never enter the bile.**.
117
Fascioloides magna in sheep, goats and other aberrant hosts results in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Fascioloides magna in sheep, goats and other aberrant hosts results in **a cyst never forms. The damage from the meandering immature stages continues and the host dies.**.
118
Animals found with Fascioloides magna at slaughter results in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Animals found with Fascioloides magna at slaughter results in **econoic loss due to liver condemption**.
119
Fascioloides magna can be treated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, although it is an off-label treatment in the United States.
Fascioloides magna can be treated with **Clorsulon**, although it is an off-label treatment in the United States.
120
Prevention of Fascioloides magna acheived by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Prevention of Fascioloides magna acheived by **restricting contact with deer, land my be unusable for farming deer and domestic livestock together.**.
121
Common name for Paramphistomum spp is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Common name for Paramphistomum spp is **Rumen Flukes or Stomach Flukes**.
122
Distribution of Paramphistomum spp is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Distribution of Paramphistomum spp is **worldwide**
123
Paramphistomum spp excyst in the __________ and the immature stages penetrate mucosa and migrate to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Paramphistomum spp excyst in the **duodenum **and the immature stages penetrate mucosa and migrate to the **abomasum**
124
Migrating Paramphistomum juveniles can cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Migrating Paramphistomum juveniles can cause **severe enteritis, hemorrhage, diarrhea, anorexia, depression, dehydration, anemia and bottle jaw.**.
125
Migrating Paramphistomum juveniles can lead to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Migrating Paramphistomum juveniles can lead to **Secondary infections with Clostridium spp.**.
126
Paramphistomum develop into adults in the ____________ of the host.
Paramphistomum develop into adults in the **rumen** of the host.
127
Adult Paramphistomum are ________ in shape, ______ in color and relatively non-pathogenic.
Adult Paramphistomum are **conic** in shape, **pink** in color and relatively non-pathogenic.
128
Eggs of Paramphistomum are difficult to distinguish from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, but tend to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Eggs of Paramphistomum are difficult to distinguish from **F. hepatica**, but tend to be **less yellow in color**.
129
Distribution of Dicrocoelium spp is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Distribution of Dicrocoelium spp is **worldwide excluding Austraila and South Africa.**
130
Heavy infection of Dicrocoelium spp can lead to\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Heavy infection of Dicrocoelium spp can lead to** fibrosis of small biliary ducts and may result in cirrhosis**.
131
Treatment of Dicrocoelium relies on _________ due to the _______________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Treatment of Dicrocoelium relies on **anthelmintics** due to the **longevity of eggs in the environment** and **wide distribution of intermediate hosts**.
132
Life cycle of Dicrocoeilum Spp.
1. Embryonated egg are shed through the feces, ingested by snail
2. Cercariae are shed in snail's slime ball
3. Ant ingests cercariae in the slime and inside ant a metacercariae forms
4. Metacercariae excyst in small intestine
5. Immature flukes migrate to the bile duct where they mature into adults
133
When Metacercariae of Dicrocoelium forms in the ant's brain it \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. It impels the ant to climb up and remain on tips of herbage increasing its chance to be eaten by definitive host.
When Metacercariae of Dicrocoelium forms in the ant's brain it **changes the ant's behavior**. It impels the ant to climb up and remain on tips of herbage increasing its chance to be eaten by definitive host.
134
Paragonimus kellicotti
135
Alaria spp.
136
Nanophyetus salmincola
137
Platynosomum fastosum
138
Fasciola hepatica
139
Miracidium
140
Cercariae
141
Metacercarie
142
Life Cycle of Nanophyetus salmincola
143
Paragonimus kellicotti
144
Nanophyelus salmincola
145
Alaria spp
146
Platynosomum fastosum
147
Fasciola hepatica
148
Fascioloides magna
149
Paramphistomum spp
150
Dicrocoelium spp
151
Dicrocoelium spp
152
