Protozoa: Sarcomastigophora Flashcards
All protozoa of phylum Sarcomastigophora have locomotion by _________ and/or _______.
All protozoa of phylum Sarcomastigophora have locomotion by **Pseudopodia **and/or flagella.
Hosts of Giardia intestinalis include:
Domestic and wild animals
Humans
Common name of Giardia intestinalis is _____________.
Common name of Giardia intestinalis is Beaver Fever.
Distribution of Giardia Intestinalis is ___________.
Distribution of Giardia Intestinalis is worldwide.
____________ exist in different assemblages, which vary in their infectivity for animals and humans.
Giardia intestinalis exist in different assemblages, which vary in their infectivity for animals and humans.
Assemblages ______ and _______ of Giardia intestinalis are considered zoonotic.
Assemblages** A** and B of Giardia intestinalis are considered zoonotic.
__________ cysts are 12um long, ovoid with 4 nuclei they can be seen in feces.
Giardia intestinalis cysts are 12um long, ovoid with 4 nuclei they can be seen in feces.
___________ trophozoites are 21um, teardrop shaped with 2 nuclei, 8 flagella with a face like appearance and can be seen in fresh fecal smears.
Giardia intestinalis trophozoites are 21um, teardrop shaped with 2 nuclei, 8 flagella with a face like appearance and can be seen in fresh fecal smears.
Life Cycle of Giardia intestinalis
Trophozoites adhere to microvilli of the epithelial cells of small intestine and multiply asexually
Trophozoite encysts
Cysts pass down the small intestine, passed in the feces and are the infective form
Cysts of Giardia intestinalis can survive for _________.
Cysts of Giardia intestinalis can survive for 2-4wks.
PPP for Giardia intestinalis is __________.
PPP for Giardia intestinalis is 1-2 wks.
______________ trophozoites can cause acute focal inflammation, many infections are asymptomatic although acute or chronic diarrhea can occur.
Giardia intestinalis trophozoites can cause acute focal inflammation, many infections are asymptomatic although acute or chronic diarrhea can occur.
Diagnosis of Giardia intestinalis
Fresh Fecal Smears for trophozoites
Double Centrifugation Fecal Float with Zinc Sulfate stained with Lugol’s Iodine for cysts
ELISA tests for antigens
PCR for assemblage
Treatment for Giardia intestinalis
No treatments approved in USA for Dogs and Cats
Fenbendazole approved in Europe
Metronidazole effective
Febantel, Pyrantel pamoate, Prazyquantel (DrontalPlus) in dogs
Fenbendazole, Albendazole, Dimetridazole in cattle
Prevention of Giardia intestinalis
Prevent fecal contamination of water and feed
Sanitation
Disinfection
Reinfection of Giardia intestinalis cysts can rapidly occur, treatment can be for ____________ days.
Reinfection of Giardia intestinalis cysts can rapidly occur, treatment can be for 5-15 days.
Hosts of Spironucleus (Hexamita) spp
Domestic and Wild Fowl
Turkeys
Quails
Ducks
Partridges
Pigeons
Distribution of Spironucleus (Hexamitra) spp is ____________.
Distribution of Spironucleus (Hexamitra) spp is worldwide.
Spironucleus (Hexamita) __________ infects turkeys.
Spironucleus (Hexamita) meleagridis infects turkeys.
Spironucleus (Hexamita) __________ infects pigeons.
Spironucleus (Hexamita) columbae infects pigeons.
_____________ have 2 nuclei, two sets of 3 anterior flagella and 2 posterior flagella. Trophozoites vary in shape and cysts are ovoid to round.
Spironucleus (Hexamita) spp have 2 nuclei, two sets of 3 anterior flagella and 2 posterior flagella. Trophozoites vary in shape and cysts are ovoid to round.
Life Cycle of Spironucleus spp.
Same as Giardia intestinalis
Site of infection is large intestine
Alternate life cycles between motile trophozoite and nonmotile cyst
_________ causes infectious catarrhal enteritis.
Spironucleus spp causes infectious catarrhal enteritis.
Primary symptoms of __________ are listlessness and foamy or watery diarrhea with rapid weight loss due to dehydrating effect.
Primary symptoms of** Spironucleus spp** are listlessness and foamy or watery diarrhea with rapid weight loss due to dehydrating effect.
Diagnosis of Spironucleus spp
Depends on history, symptoms and microsopic examination of intestinal contents.
Treatment of Spironucleus spp
Dimetridazole in water for 12d
Prevention of Spironucleus spp
Good management and hygiene
Young birds raised away from oldeer
Avoid sharing pens
Thoroughly clean and disinfect pens
Giardia intestinalis trophozoite
Giardia intestinalis cyst
Tritrichomonas foetus hosts
Cattle
Cats
Distribution of Tritrichomonas foetus is ___________.
Distribution of Tritrichomonas foetus is worldwide
_________________ has a sincle nucleus, 3 anterior flagella each arising from a basal body situated at the anterior rounded end, 1 posterior flagellum and axostyle, undulating membrane.
Tritrichomonas foetus has a sincle nucleus, 3 anterior flagella each arising from a basal body situated at the anterior rounded end, 1 posterior flagellum and axostyle, undulating membrane.
Life Cycle of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle
Found in the genital tract
Protozoan inhabits the prepuce of a bull, transmission to cow occurs durin coitus
From vagina, trichomonads reach uterus via cervix
Trichomonads are flushed from uterus into the vagina, bulls may be infected whne servicing cow
No cystic stage.
__________ in a bull, preputal discharge associated with small nodules on the preputal and penile membranes may develop shortly after infection. After there are no clinical signs or lesions.
Tritrichomonas foetus in a bull, preputal discharge associated with small nodules on the preputal and penile membranes may develop shortly after infection. After there are no clinical signs or lesions.
_________ in a cow, low grade endometritis and sometimes a purulent endometritis can occur effecting implantation in uterus. Abortion before the 4th month of pregnancy common.
Tritrichomonas foetus in a cow, low grade endometritis and sometimes a purulent endometritis can occur effecting implantation in uterus. Abortion before the 4th month of pregnancy common.
Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle
Preputal Scrapings or washings from bull
Vaginal or cervical secretions from cow
In-Pouch TF
Conventional PCR and Quantitative PCR
Treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle
No approved treatment
Symptomatic treatment
Cows: Sexual rest for 3mo
Bulls: 4y infected for life = cull
Prevention of Tritrichimonas foetus in cattle
Artificial insemination
Tritrichomonas foetus
Life cycle of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats
Colonize the distal ileum and colon
Trophozoites reproduce by binary fission in mucus of large intestine
Transmission via fecal-oral route
Tritrichomonas foetus trophozoites of cats can survive up to _______ days in moist feces
Tritrichomonas foetus trophozoites of cats can survive up to **3 **days in moist feces
Clinical signs of ________ are not always seen. When they are its most commonly chronic waxing and waning, amlodorus, large bowel diarrhea.
Clinical signs of** Tritrichomonas foetus **are not always seen. When they are its most commonly chronic waxing and waning, amlodorus, large bowel diarrhea.
_______ and _______ are more susceptible to tritrichomonas foetus.
Pure Breeds and Young (<1yr)are more susceptible to tritrichomonas foetus.
Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats
Direct smear
Culture
In-Pouch TF
PCR
Treatment of Tritrichomonas in cats
Ronidazole
Hosts of Trichomonas spp
Domestic and wild fowl
Common name for Trichomonas spp is ______________.
Common name for Trichomonas spp is Canker.
Distribution of Trichomonas spp is __________.
Distribution of Trichomonas spp is worldwide.
____________ are pear-shaped with a single nucleus, four anterior flagella and an axostyle. Free posterior flagellum is absent
**Trichomonas spp. **are pear-shaped with a single nucleus, four anterior flagella and an axostyle. Free posterior flagellum is absent
Life Cycle of Trichomonas spp
Trophozoites reside in oral-nasal cavity and upper digestive tract
Multiply by binary fission
3 modes of infection
3 modes of infection of Trichomonas spp
- Infective trophozoites are passed from adult to young by pigeon milk
- Contaminated drinking water
- Raptor that has fed on infected prey bird
___________ primarily a disease of young birds, severity of disease depends on susceptibility of the bird and pathogenic potential of the strain. Small yellow lesions seen. Diarrhea may occur.
Trichomonas spp primarily a disease of young birds, severity of disease depends on susceptibility of the bird and pathogenic potential of the strain. Small yellow lesions seen. Diarrhea may occur
Diagnosis of Trichomonas spp
Trichomonads in mucus or fluid
Nodules in the oral cavity
Microscopic examination of lesion
Treatment of Trichomonas spp
Antiprotozoal medications
Prevention of Trichomonas spp
Culling or treating infected
Avoiding water contamination
Avoid feeding pigeons head and crops to raptors
Trichomonas spp
Host of Histomonas spp
Fowl, primarily turkeys
__________ is the vector for Histomonas spp.
Heterakis is the vector for Histomonas spp.
Common name of Histomonas spp is __________.
Common name of Histomonas spp is Blackhead.
Histomonas spp is distributed __________.
Histomonas spp is distributed worldwide.
___________ are round or oval, bear single flagellum when in the lumen of the cecum. Flagellum seems to be lost when the mucosal tissue of the liver. Both luminal and tissue stages exhibit pseudopodal movement.
Histomonas spp. are round or oval, bear single flagellum when in the lumen of the cecum. Flagellum seems to be lost when the mucosal tissue of the liver. Both luminal and tissue stages exhibit pseudopodal movement.
Life Cycle of Histomonas spp
Free trophozoites pass in feces die and have no role in transmission
Trophozoites in eggs of Heterakis are passed in feces and are infective
Heterakoid eggs are ingested by earthworms
Birds ingest earthworms, becomes reinfected with nematode and flagellate
Trophozoites released from egg and invade cecal wall
Protozoon loses flagellum and becomes pleomorphic and amoeboid
Migrate to liver.
Disease caused by Histomonas spp is called _____________.
Disease caused by Histomonas spp is called infectious enterohepatitis.
_____________ causes hemorrhagic liver with characteristic lesions that are yellow to yellow-green circular depressions of tissue that is degenerate and necrotic. Marked cecal inflammation and ulceration.
**Histomonas spp **causes hemorrhagic liver with characteristic lesions that are yellow to yellow-green circular depressions of tissue that is degenerate and necrotic. Marked cecal inflammation and ulceration.
Diagnosis of Histomonas Spp
History
Clinical Signs
Lesions or Identification of trophozoites in liver and cecum
Treatment of Histomonas spp
Dimetridazole
Prevention of Histomonas spp
Good management
Hygiene
Turkey should be reare on ground that has not been used to rear chickens for at least 2 yr
Common name of the condition caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is ____________.
Common name of the condition caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is Chagas disease.
Host of Trypanosoma cruzi
Dogs
Cats
Humans
_________ are considered reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi
**Wild animals **are considered reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi
________________ requires vectors and is considered a zoonosis.
Trypanosoma cruzi requires vectors and is considered a zoonosis.
Trypanosoma cruzi is distributed in __________.
Trypanosoma cruzi is distributed in America.
_____________ trypomastigote in blood smear is elongated, spindle or leaf shaped, 20um long with nucleus near middle of its length, posterior end pointed, single flagellum near posterior and close to kinetoplast and extends along the body in the edge of an undulating membrane and terminates in a free flagellum at the anterior tip.
Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote in blood smear is elongated, spindle or leaf shaped, 20um long with nucleus near middle of its length, posterior end pointed, single flagellum near posterior and close to kinetoplast and extends along the body in the edge of an undulating membrane and terminates in a free flagellum at the anterior tip.
Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi
Infected triatomine insect vector takes blood meal and releases trypomastigotes in its feces near site of bite wound
Trypomastigotes enter host through the wound
Trypomastigotes invade cells, where they differentiate into intracellular amastigotes
Amastigotes multiply by binary fission and differentiate into trypomastigotes
Trypomastigotes released in circulation
Tyrpomastigotes infect cells from a variety of tissues and transform into intracellular amastigotes in new infection site
Bug infected by feeding on blood with parasite
_____________ amastogates cause pathology of the heart.
Trypanosoma cruzi amastogates cause pathology of the heart.
Diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi
Blood smear for trypomastigote
Serological tests
Xenodiagnosis
Xenodiagnosis
requires several weeks, uninfected bugs are allowed to feed on suspected individual, and their hindguts are examined later for presence of tyrpanosomes
Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi
No satisfactory treatment known
Pour on insecticides to repel bugs
Epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi depends on
Distribution of vectors
Virulence of parasite
Response to host
Trypanosoma cruzi
Common name for the conditons caused by Leishmania spp are ____________ (visceral form) and _____________ (cutaneous form)
Common name for the conditons caused by Leishmania spp are kala-azar (visceral form) and oriental sore (cutaneous form)
Hosts of Leishmania spp
Dog
Wild Animals
Human
Leishmania _________ is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the US.
Leishmania infantumis the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the US.
____________ amastigotes are round or oval within host macrophages. Each possesses a large nucleus and rod-shaped kinetoplast
Leishmania spp. amastigotes are round or oval within host macrophages. Each possesses a large nucleus and rod-shaped kinetoplast
Life Cycle of Leishmania spp
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies
Sand flies inject the infective stage from their proboscis during blood meal
Promastigotes reach the puncture wound and are phagocytized by macrophage
Promastigotes transform in macrophages into the tissue stage of the parasite
Multiply by simple division and infect other macrophages
Sand flies infected by ingesting infected cells during blood meal
Amastigotes transfrom into promastigotes in the sand fly
Site of infection of Leishmania spp
Skin, Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow and Lymph Node
______________ amastigotes cause pathology in skin, liver and spleen. Cutaneous and viseral forms exist in dogs.
Leishmania spp amastigotes cause pathology in skin, liver and spleen. Cutaneous and viseral forms exist in dogs.
___________ of Leishmania spp usually shows as shallow skin ulcers often on the lips and eyelids, spontaneous recovery
**Cutaneous form **of Leishmania spp usually shows as shallow skin ulcers often on the lips and eyelids, spontaneous recovery
____________ of Leishmania spp is associated with intermittent fever, anemia, cachexia and generalized lymphadenopathy.
Visceral form of Leishmania spp is associated with intermittent fever, anemia, cachexia and generalized lymphadenopathy.
Diagnosis of Leishmania spp
Scrapes or Smears for amastigotes
Spleen or bone marrow biopsy
Ab-ELISA
PCR
Treatment of Leishmania spp
Pentavalent antimonal
Amphoteracin B
Destruction of dog d/t public health aspect
Leishmania spp.
