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Protozoa: Sarcomastigophora Flashcards

1
Q

All protozoa of phylum Sarcomastigophora have locomotion by _________ and/or _______.

A

All protozoa of phylum Sarcomastigophora have locomotion by **Pseudopodia **and/or flagella.

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2
Q

Hosts of Giardia intestinalis include:

A

Domestic and wild animals

Humans

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3
Q

Common name of Giardia intestinalis is _____________.

A

Common name of Giardia intestinalis is Beaver Fever.

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4
Q

Distribution of Giardia Intestinalis is ___________.

A

Distribution of Giardia Intestinalis is worldwide.

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5
Q

____________ exist in different assemblages, which vary in their infectivity for animals and humans.

A

Giardia intestinalis exist in different assemblages, which vary in their infectivity for animals and humans.

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6
Q

Assemblages ______ and _______ of Giardia intestinalis are considered zoonotic.

A

Assemblages** A** and B of Giardia intestinalis are considered zoonotic.

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7
Q

__________ cysts are 12um long, ovoid with 4 nuclei they can be seen in feces.

A

Giardia intestinalis cysts are 12um long, ovoid with 4 nuclei they can be seen in feces.

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8
Q

___________ trophozoites are 21um, teardrop shaped with 2 nuclei, 8 flagella with a face like appearance and can be seen in fresh fecal smears.

A

Giardia intestinalis trophozoites are 21um, teardrop shaped with 2 nuclei, 8 flagella with a face like appearance and can be seen in fresh fecal smears.

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9
Q

Life Cycle of Giardia intestinalis

A

Trophozoites adhere to microvilli of the epithelial cells of small intestine and multiply asexually

Trophozoite encysts

Cysts pass down the small intestine, passed in the feces and are the infective form

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10
Q

Cysts of Giardia intestinalis can survive for _________.

A

Cysts of Giardia intestinalis can survive for 2-4wks.

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11
Q

PPP for Giardia intestinalis is __________.

A

PPP for Giardia intestinalis is 1-2 wks.

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12
Q

______________ trophozoites can cause acute focal inflammation, many infections are asymptomatic although acute or chronic diarrhea can occur.

A

Giardia intestinalis trophozoites can cause acute focal inflammation, many infections are asymptomatic although acute or chronic diarrhea can occur.

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13
Q

Diagnosis of Giardia intestinalis

A

Fresh Fecal Smears for trophozoites

Double Centrifugation Fecal Float with Zinc Sulfate stained with Lugol’s Iodine for cysts

ELISA tests for antigens

PCR for assemblage

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14
Q

Treatment for Giardia intestinalis

A

No treatments approved in USA for Dogs and Cats

Fenbendazole approved in Europe

Metronidazole effective

Febantel, Pyrantel pamoate, Prazyquantel (DrontalPlus) in dogs

Fenbendazole, Albendazole, Dimetridazole in cattle

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15
Q

Prevention of Giardia intestinalis

A

Prevent fecal contamination of water and feed

Sanitation

Disinfection

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16
Q

Reinfection of Giardia intestinalis cysts can rapidly occur, treatment can be for ____________ days.

A

Reinfection of Giardia intestinalis cysts can rapidly occur, treatment can be for 5-15 days.

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17
Q

Hosts of Spironucleus (Hexamita) spp

A

Domestic and Wild Fowl

Turkeys

Quails

Ducks

Partridges

Pigeons

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18
Q

Distribution of Spironucleus (Hexamitra) spp is ____________.

A

Distribution of Spironucleus (Hexamitra) spp is worldwide.

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19
Q

Spironucleus (Hexamita) __________ infects turkeys.

A

Spironucleus (Hexamita) meleagridis infects turkeys.

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20
Q

Spironucleus (Hexamita) __________ infects pigeons.

A

Spironucleus (Hexamita) columbae infects pigeons.

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21
Q

_____________ have 2 nuclei, two sets of 3 anterior flagella and 2 posterior flagella. Trophozoites vary in shape and cysts are ovoid to round.

A

Spironucleus (Hexamita) spp have 2 nuclei, two sets of 3 anterior flagella and 2 posterior flagella. Trophozoites vary in shape and cysts are ovoid to round.

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22
Q

Life Cycle of Spironucleus spp.

A

Same as Giardia intestinalis

Site of infection is large intestine

Alternate life cycles between motile trophozoite and nonmotile cyst

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23
Q

_________ causes infectious catarrhal enteritis.

A

Spironucleus spp causes infectious catarrhal enteritis.

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24
Q

Primary symptoms of __________ are listlessness and foamy or watery diarrhea with rapid weight loss due to dehydrating effect.

A

Primary symptoms of** Spironucleus spp** are listlessness and foamy or watery diarrhea with rapid weight loss due to dehydrating effect.

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25
Diagnosis of Spironucleus spp
Depends on history, symptoms and microsopic **examination of intestinal contents**.
26
Treatment of Spironucleus spp
Dimetridazole in water for 12d
27
Prevention of Spironucleus spp
Good management and hygiene Young birds raised away from oldeer Avoid sharing pens Thoroughly clean and disinfect pens
28
Giardia intestinalis trophozoite
29
Giardia intestinalis cyst
30
Tritrichomonas foetus hosts
Cattle Cats
31
Distribution of Tritrichomonas foetus is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Distribution of Tritrichomonas foetus is **worldwide**
32
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has a sincle nucleus, 3 anterior flagella each arising from a basal body situated at the anterior rounded end, 1 posterior flagellum and axostyle, undulating membrane.
**Tritrichomonas foetus** has a sincle nucleus, 3 anterior flagella each arising from a basal body situated at the anterior rounded end, 1 posterior flagellum and axostyle, undulating membrane.
33
Life Cycle of Tritrichomonas foetus in _cattle_
Found in the **genital tract** Protozoan **inhabits the prepuce of a bull,** transmission to cow occurs durin coitus From vagina, **trichomonads reach uterus** via cervix Trichomonads are **flushed from uterus** into the vagina, bulls may be infected whne servicing cow **_No cystic stage_**.
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in a bull, preputal discharge associated with small nodules on the preputal and penile membranes may develop shortly after infection. After there are no clinical signs or lesions.
**Tritrichomonas foetus** in a bull, preputal discharge associated with small nodules on the preputal and penile membranes may develop shortly after infection. After there are no clinical signs or lesions.
35
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in a cow, low grade endometritis and sometimes a purulent endometritis can occur effecting implantation in uterus. Abortion before the 4th month of pregnancy common.
**Tritrichomonas foetus** in a cow, low grade endometritis and sometimes a purulent endometritis can occur effecting implantation in uterus. Abortion before the 4th month of pregnancy common.
36
Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in _cattle_
Preputal Scrapings or washings from bull Vaginal or cervical secretions from cow In-Pouch TF Conventional PCR and Quantitative PCR
37
Treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus in _cattle_
No approved treatment Symptomatic treatment Cows: Sexual rest for 3mo Bulls: 4y infected for life = cull
38
Prevention of Tritrichimonas foetus in _cattle_
Artificial insemination
39
Tritrichomonas foetus
40
Life cycle of Tritrichomonas foetus in _cats_
Colonize the distal ileum and colon Trophozoites reproduce by binary fission in mucus of large intestine Transmission via fecal-oral route
41
Tritrichomonas foetus trophozoites of cats can survive up to _______ days in moist feces
Tritrichomonas foetus trophozoites of cats can survive up to **3 **days in moist feces
42
Clinical signs of ________ are not always seen. When they are its most commonly chronic waxing and waning, amlodorus, large bowel diarrhea.
Clinical signs of** Tritrichomonas foetus **are not always seen. When they are its most commonly chronic waxing and waning, amlodorus, large bowel diarrhea.
43
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and _______ are more susceptible to tritrichomonas foetus.
**Pure Breeds** and **Young (\<1yr)**are more susceptible to tritrichomonas foetus.
44
Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in _cats_
Direct smear Culture In-Pouch TF PCR
45
Treatment of Tritrichomonas in cats
Ronidazole
46
Hosts of Trichomonas spp
Domestic and wild fowl
47
Common name for Trichomonas spp is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Common name for Trichomonas spp is **Canker**.
48
Distribution of Trichomonas spp is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Distribution of Trichomonas spp is **worldwide**.
49
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are pear-shaped with a single nucleus, four anterior flagella and an axostyle. Free posterior flagellum is absent
**Trichomonas spp. **are pear-shaped with a single nucleus, four anterior flagella and an axostyle. Free posterior flagellum is absent
50
Life Cycle of Trichomonas spp
Trophozoites reside in oral-nasal cavity and upper digestive tract Multiply by binary fission 3 modes of infection
51
3 modes of infection of Trichomonas spp
1. Infective trophozoites are passed from adult to young by pigeon milk 2. Contaminated drinking water 3. Raptor that has fed on infected prey bird
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ primarily a disease of young birds, severity of disease depends on susceptibility of the bird and pathogenic potential of the strain. Small yellow lesions seen. Diarrhea may occur.
**Trichomonas spp** primarily a disease of young birds, severity of disease depends on susceptibility of the bird and pathogenic potential of the strain. Small yellow lesions seen. Diarrhea may occur
53
Diagnosis of Trichomonas spp
Trichomonads in mucus or fluid Nodules in the oral cavity Microscopic examination of lesion
54
Treatment of Trichomonas spp
Antiprotozoal medications
55
Prevention of Trichomonas spp
Culling or treating infected Avoiding water contamination Avoid feeding pigeons head and crops to raptors
56
Trichomonas spp
57
Host of Histomonas spp
Fowl, primarily turkeys
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the vector for Histomonas spp.
**Heterakis** is the vector for Histomonas spp.
59
Common name of Histomonas spp is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Common name of Histomonas spp is **Blackhead**.
60
Histomonas spp is distributed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Histomonas spp is distributed **worldwide**.
61
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are round or oval, bear single flagellum when in the lumen of the cecum. Flagellum seems to be lost when the mucosal tissue of the liver. Both luminal and tissue stages exhibit pseudopodal movement.
**Histomonas spp.** are round or oval, bear single flagellum when in the lumen of the cecum. Flagellum seems to be lost when the mucosal tissue of the liver. Both luminal and tissue stages exhibit pseudopodal movement.
62
Life Cycle of Histomonas spp
*Free trophozoites pass in feces die and have no role in transmission* **Trophozoites in eggs of Heterakis** are passed in feces and are infective Heterakoid **eggs are ingested by earthworms** **Birds ingest earthworms**, becomes reinfected with nematode and flagellate **Trophozoites released from egg** and invade cecal wall Protozoon **loses flagellum and becomes pleomorphic and amoeboid** **Migrate to liver**.
63
Disease caused by Histomonas spp is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Disease caused by Histomonas spp is called **infectious enterohepatitis**.
64
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ causes hemorrhagic liver with characteristic lesions that are yellow to yellow-green circular depressions of tissue that is degenerate and necrotic. Marked cecal inflammation and ulceration.
**Histomonas spp **causes hemorrhagic liver with characteristic lesions that are yellow to yellow-green circular depressions of tissue that is degenerate and necrotic. Marked cecal inflammation and ulceration.
65
Diagnosis of Histomonas Spp
History Clinical Signs Lesions or Identification of trophozoites in liver and cecum
66
Treatment of Histomonas spp
Dimetridazole
67
Prevention of Histomonas spp
Good management Hygiene Turkey should be reare on ground that has not been used to rear chickens for at least 2 yr
68
Common name of the condition caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Common name of the condition caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is **Chagas disease**.
69
Host of Trypanosoma cruzi
Dogs Cats Humans
70
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are considered reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi
**Wild animals **are considered reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi
71
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ requires vectors and is considered a zoonosis.
**Trypanosoma cruzi** requires vectors and is considered a zoonosis.
72
Trypanosoma cruzi is distributed in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Trypanosoma cruzi is distributed in **America**.
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ trypomastigote in blood smear is elongated, spindle or leaf shaped, 20um long with nucleus near middle of its length, posterior end pointed, single flagellum near posterior and close to kinetoplast and extends along the body in the edge of an undulating membrane and terminates in a free flagellum at the anterior tip.
**Trypanosoma cruzi** trypomastigote in blood smear is elongated, spindle or leaf shaped, 20um long with nucleus near middle of its length, posterior end pointed, single flagellum near posterior and close to kinetoplast and extends along the body in the edge of an undulating membrane and terminates in a free flagellum at the anterior tip.
74
Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi
Infected triatomine **insect vector takes blood meal** and **releases trypomastigotes** in its feces near site of bite wound Trypomastigotes **enter host through the wound** Trypomastigotes invade cells, where they **differentiate into intracellular amastigotes** Amastigotes **multiply by binary fission and differentiate into trypomastigotes** Trypomastigotes **released in circulation** Tyrpomastigotes i**nfect cells from a variety of tissues and transform into intracellular amastigotes** in new infection site **Bug infected by feeding on blood with parasite**
75
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ amastogates cause pathology of the heart.
**Trypanosoma cruzi** amastogates cause pathology of the heart.
76
Diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi
Blood smear for trypomastigote Serological tests Xenodiagnosis
77
Xenodiagnosis
requires several weeks, uninfected bugs are allowed to feed on suspected individual, and their hindguts are examined later for presence of tyrpanosomes
78
Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi
No satisfactory treatment known Pour on insecticides to repel bugs
79
Epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi depends on
Distribution of vectors Virulence of parasite Response to host
80
Trypanosoma cruzi
81
Common name for the conditons caused by Leishmania spp are ____________ (visceral form) and _____________ (cutaneous form)
Common name for the conditons caused by Leishmania spp are **kala-azar** (visceral form) and **oriental sore** (cutaneous form)
82
Hosts of Leishmania spp
Dog Wild Animals Human
83
Leishmania _________ is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the US.
Leishmania **infantum**is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the US.
84
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ amastigotes are round or oval within host macrophages. Each possesses a large nucleus and rod-shaped kinetoplast
**Leishmania spp.** amastigotes are round or oval within host macrophages. Each possesses a large nucleus and rod-shaped kinetoplast
85
Life Cycle of Leishmania spp
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies Sand flies inject the infective stage from their proboscis during blood meal Promastigotes reach the puncture wound and are phagocytized by macrophage Promastigotes transform in macrophages into the tissue stage of the parasite Multiply by simple division and infect other macrophages Sand flies infected by ingesting infected cells during blood meal Amastigotes transfrom into promastigotes in the sand fly
86
Site of infection of Leishmania spp
Skin, Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow and Lymph Node
87
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ amastigotes cause pathology in skin, liver and spleen. Cutaneous and viseral forms exist in dogs.
**Leishmania spp** amastigotes cause pathology in skin, liver and spleen. Cutaneous and viseral forms exist in dogs.
88
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of Leishmania spp usually shows as shallow skin ulcers often on the lips and eyelids, spontaneous recovery
**Cutaneous form **of Leishmania spp usually shows as shallow skin ulcers often on the lips and eyelids, spontaneous recovery
89
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of Leishmania spp is associated with intermittent fever, anemia, cachexia and generalized lymphadenopathy.
**Visceral form** of Leishmania spp is associated with intermittent fever, anemia, cachexia and generalized lymphadenopathy.
90
Diagnosis of Leishmania spp
Scrapes or Smears for amastigotes Spleen or bone marrow biopsy Ab-ELISA PCR
91
Treatment of Leishmania spp
Pentavalent antimonal Amphoteracin B Destruction of dog d/t public health aspect
92
Leishmania spp.

RUSVM Parasitology (16 decks)

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