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RUSVM Parasitology > Protozoa: Sarcomastigophora > Flashcards

Protozoa: Sarcomastigophora Flashcards

1
Q

All protozoa of phylum Sarcomastigophora have locomotion by _________ and/or _______.

A

All protozoa of phylum Sarcomastigophora have locomotion by **Pseudopodia **and/or flagella.

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2
Q

Hosts of Giardia intestinalis include:

A

Domestic and wild animals

Humans

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3
Q

Common name of Giardia intestinalis is _____________.

A

Common name of Giardia intestinalis is Beaver Fever.

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4
Q

Distribution of Giardia Intestinalis is ___________.

A

Distribution of Giardia Intestinalis is worldwide.

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5
Q

____________ exist in different assemblages, which vary in their infectivity for animals and humans.

A

Giardia intestinalis exist in different assemblages, which vary in their infectivity for animals and humans.

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6
Q

Assemblages ______ and _______ of Giardia intestinalis are considered zoonotic.

A

Assemblages** A** and B of Giardia intestinalis are considered zoonotic.

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7
Q

__________ cysts are 12um long, ovoid with 4 nuclei they can be seen in feces.

A

Giardia intestinalis cysts are 12um long, ovoid with 4 nuclei they can be seen in feces.

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8
Q

___________ trophozoites are 21um, teardrop shaped with 2 nuclei, 8 flagella with a face like appearance and can be seen in fresh fecal smears.

A

Giardia intestinalis trophozoites are 21um, teardrop shaped with 2 nuclei, 8 flagella with a face like appearance and can be seen in fresh fecal smears.

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9
Q

Life Cycle of Giardia intestinalis

A

Trophozoites adhere to microvilli of the epithelial cells of small intestine and multiply asexually

Trophozoite encysts

Cysts pass down the small intestine, passed in the feces and are the infective form

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10
Q

Cysts of Giardia intestinalis can survive for _________.

A

Cysts of Giardia intestinalis can survive for 2-4wks.

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11
Q

PPP for Giardia intestinalis is __________.

A

PPP for Giardia intestinalis is 1-2 wks.

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12
Q

______________ trophozoites can cause acute focal inflammation, many infections are asymptomatic although acute or chronic diarrhea can occur.

A

Giardia intestinalis trophozoites can cause acute focal inflammation, many infections are asymptomatic although acute or chronic diarrhea can occur.

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13
Q

Diagnosis of Giardia intestinalis

A

Fresh Fecal Smears for trophozoites

Double Centrifugation Fecal Float with Zinc Sulfate stained with Lugol’s Iodine for cysts

ELISA tests for antigens

PCR for assemblage

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14
Q

Treatment for Giardia intestinalis

A

No treatments approved in USA for Dogs and Cats

Fenbendazole approved in Europe

Metronidazole effective

Febantel, Pyrantel pamoate, Prazyquantel (DrontalPlus) in dogs

Fenbendazole, Albendazole, Dimetridazole in cattle

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15
Q

Prevention of Giardia intestinalis

A

Prevent fecal contamination of water and feed

Sanitation

Disinfection

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16
Q

Reinfection of Giardia intestinalis cysts can rapidly occur, treatment can be for ____________ days.

A

Reinfection of Giardia intestinalis cysts can rapidly occur, treatment can be for 5-15 days.

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17
Q

Hosts of Spironucleus (Hexamita) spp

A

Domestic and Wild Fowl

Turkeys

Quails

Ducks

Partridges

Pigeons

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18
Q

Distribution of Spironucleus (Hexamitra) spp is ____________.

A

Distribution of Spironucleus (Hexamitra) spp is worldwide.

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19
Q

Spironucleus (Hexamita) __________ infects turkeys.

A

Spironucleus (Hexamita) meleagridis infects turkeys.

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20
Q

Spironucleus (Hexamita) __________ infects pigeons.

A

Spironucleus (Hexamita) columbae infects pigeons.

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21
Q

_____________ have 2 nuclei, two sets of 3 anterior flagella and 2 posterior flagella. Trophozoites vary in shape and cysts are ovoid to round.

A

Spironucleus (Hexamita) spp have 2 nuclei, two sets of 3 anterior flagella and 2 posterior flagella. Trophozoites vary in shape and cysts are ovoid to round.

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22
Q

Life Cycle of Spironucleus spp.

A

Same as Giardia intestinalis

Site of infection is large intestine

Alternate life cycles between motile trophozoite and nonmotile cyst

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23
Q

_________ causes infectious catarrhal enteritis.

A

Spironucleus spp causes infectious catarrhal enteritis.

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24
Q

Primary symptoms of __________ are listlessness and foamy or watery diarrhea with rapid weight loss due to dehydrating effect.

A

Primary symptoms of** Spironucleus spp** are listlessness and foamy or watery diarrhea with rapid weight loss due to dehydrating effect.

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25
Q

Diagnosis of Spironucleus spp

A

Depends on history, symptoms and microsopic examination of intestinal contents.

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26
Q

Treatment of Spironucleus spp

A

Dimetridazole in water for 12d

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27
Q

Prevention of Spironucleus spp

A

Good management and hygiene

Young birds raised away from oldeer

Avoid sharing pens

Thoroughly clean and disinfect pens

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28
Q
A

Giardia intestinalis trophozoite

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29
Q
A

Giardia intestinalis cyst

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30
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus hosts

A

Cattle

Cats

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31
Q

Distribution of Tritrichomonas foetus is ___________.

A

Distribution of Tritrichomonas foetus is worldwide

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32
Q

_________________ has a sincle nucleus, 3 anterior flagella each arising from a basal body situated at the anterior rounded end, 1 posterior flagellum and axostyle, undulating membrane.

A

Tritrichomonas foetus has a sincle nucleus, 3 anterior flagella each arising from a basal body situated at the anterior rounded end, 1 posterior flagellum and axostyle, undulating membrane.

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33
Q

Life Cycle of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle

A

Found in the genital tract

Protozoan inhabits the prepuce of a bull, transmission to cow occurs durin coitus

From vagina, trichomonads reach uterus via cervix

Trichomonads are flushed from uterus into the vagina, bulls may be infected whne servicing cow

No cystic stage.

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34
Q

__________ in a bull, preputal discharge associated with small nodules on the preputal and penile membranes may develop shortly after infection. After there are no clinical signs or lesions.

A

Tritrichomonas foetus in a bull, preputal discharge associated with small nodules on the preputal and penile membranes may develop shortly after infection. After there are no clinical signs or lesions.

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35
Q

_________ in a cow, low grade endometritis and sometimes a purulent endometritis can occur effecting implantation in uterus. Abortion before the 4th month of pregnancy common.

A

Tritrichomonas foetus in a cow, low grade endometritis and sometimes a purulent endometritis can occur effecting implantation in uterus. Abortion before the 4th month of pregnancy common.

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36
Q

Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle

A

Preputal Scrapings or washings from bull

Vaginal or cervical secretions from cow

In-Pouch TF

Conventional PCR and Quantitative PCR

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37
Q

Treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle

A

No approved treatment

Symptomatic treatment

Cows: Sexual rest for 3mo

Bulls: 4y infected for life = cull

38
Q

Prevention of Tritrichimonas foetus in cattle

A

Artificial insemination

39
Q
A

Tritrichomonas foetus

40
Q

Life cycle of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats

A

Colonize the distal ileum and colon

Trophozoites reproduce by binary fission in mucus of large intestine

Transmission via fecal-oral route

41
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus trophozoites of cats can survive up to _______ days in moist feces

A

Tritrichomonas foetus trophozoites of cats can survive up to **3 **days in moist feces

42
Q

Clinical signs of ________ are not always seen. When they are its most commonly chronic waxing and waning, amlodorus, large bowel diarrhea.

A

Clinical signs of** Tritrichomonas foetus **are not always seen. When they are its most commonly chronic waxing and waning, amlodorus, large bowel diarrhea.

43
Q

_______ and _______ are more susceptible to tritrichomonas foetus.

A

Pure Breeds and Young (<1yr)are more susceptible to tritrichomonas foetus.

44
Q

Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats

A

Direct smear

Culture

In-Pouch TF

PCR

45
Q

Treatment of Tritrichomonas in cats

A

Ronidazole

46
Q

Hosts of Trichomonas spp

A

Domestic and wild fowl

47
Q

Common name for Trichomonas spp is ______________.

A

Common name for Trichomonas spp is Canker.

48
Q

Distribution of Trichomonas spp is __________.

A

Distribution of Trichomonas spp is worldwide.

49
Q

____________ are pear-shaped with a single nucleus, four anterior flagella and an axostyle. Free posterior flagellum is absent

A

**Trichomonas spp. **are pear-shaped with a single nucleus, four anterior flagella and an axostyle. Free posterior flagellum is absent

50
Q

Life Cycle of Trichomonas spp

A

Trophozoites reside in oral-nasal cavity and upper digestive tract

Multiply by binary fission

3 modes of infection

51
Q

3 modes of infection of Trichomonas spp

A
  1. Infective trophozoites are passed from adult to young by pigeon milk
  2. Contaminated drinking water
  3. Raptor that has fed on infected prey bird
52
Q

___________ primarily a disease of young birds, severity of disease depends on susceptibility of the bird and pathogenic potential of the strain. Small yellow lesions seen. Diarrhea may occur.

A

Trichomonas spp primarily a disease of young birds, severity of disease depends on susceptibility of the bird and pathogenic potential of the strain. Small yellow lesions seen. Diarrhea may occur

53
Q

Diagnosis of Trichomonas spp

A

Trichomonads in mucus or fluid

Nodules in the oral cavity

Microscopic examination of lesion

54
Q

Treatment of Trichomonas spp

A

Antiprotozoal medications

55
Q

Prevention of Trichomonas spp

A

Culling or treating infected

Avoiding water contamination

Avoid feeding pigeons head and crops to raptors

56
Q
A

Trichomonas spp

57
Q

Host of Histomonas spp

A

Fowl, primarily turkeys

58
Q

__________ is the vector for Histomonas spp.

A

Heterakis is the vector for Histomonas spp.

59
Q

Common name of Histomonas spp is __________.

A

Common name of Histomonas spp is Blackhead.

60
Q

Histomonas spp is distributed __________.

A

Histomonas spp is distributed worldwide.

61
Q

___________ are round or oval, bear single flagellum when in the lumen of the cecum. Flagellum seems to be lost when the mucosal tissue of the liver. Both luminal and tissue stages exhibit pseudopodal movement.

A

Histomonas spp. are round or oval, bear single flagellum when in the lumen of the cecum. Flagellum seems to be lost when the mucosal tissue of the liver. Both luminal and tissue stages exhibit pseudopodal movement.

62
Q

Life Cycle of Histomonas spp

A

Free trophozoites pass in feces die and have no role in transmission

Trophozoites in eggs of Heterakis are passed in feces and are infective

Heterakoid eggs are ingested by earthworms

Birds ingest earthworms, becomes reinfected with nematode and flagellate

Trophozoites released from egg and invade cecal wall

Protozoon loses flagellum and becomes pleomorphic and amoeboid

Migrate to liver.

63
Q

Disease caused by Histomonas spp is called _____________.

A

Disease caused by Histomonas spp is called infectious enterohepatitis.

64
Q

_____________ causes hemorrhagic liver with characteristic lesions that are yellow to yellow-green circular depressions of tissue that is degenerate and necrotic. Marked cecal inflammation and ulceration.

A

**Histomonas spp **causes hemorrhagic liver with characteristic lesions that are yellow to yellow-green circular depressions of tissue that is degenerate and necrotic. Marked cecal inflammation and ulceration.

65
Q

Diagnosis of Histomonas Spp

A

History

Clinical Signs

Lesions or Identification of trophozoites in liver and cecum

66
Q

Treatment of Histomonas spp

A

Dimetridazole

67
Q

Prevention of Histomonas spp

A

Good management

Hygiene

Turkey should be reare on ground that has not been used to rear chickens for at least 2 yr

68
Q

Common name of the condition caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is ____________.

A

Common name of the condition caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is Chagas disease.

69
Q

Host of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Dogs

Cats

Humans

70
Q

_________ are considered reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

**Wild animals **are considered reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi

71
Q

________________ requires vectors and is considered a zoonosis.

A

Trypanosoma cruzi requires vectors and is considered a zoonosis.

72
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi is distributed in __________.

A

Trypanosoma cruzi is distributed in America.

73
Q

_____________ trypomastigote in blood smear is elongated, spindle or leaf shaped, 20um long with nucleus near middle of its length, posterior end pointed, single flagellum near posterior and close to kinetoplast and extends along the body in the edge of an undulating membrane and terminates in a free flagellum at the anterior tip.

A

Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote in blood smear is elongated, spindle or leaf shaped, 20um long with nucleus near middle of its length, posterior end pointed, single flagellum near posterior and close to kinetoplast and extends along the body in the edge of an undulating membrane and terminates in a free flagellum at the anterior tip.

74
Q

Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Infected triatomine insect vector takes blood meal and releases trypomastigotes in its feces near site of bite wound

Trypomastigotes enter host through the wound

Trypomastigotes invade cells, where they differentiate into intracellular amastigotes

Amastigotes multiply by binary fission and differentiate into trypomastigotes

Trypomastigotes released in circulation

Tyrpomastigotes infect cells from a variety of tissues and transform into intracellular amastigotes in new infection site

Bug infected by feeding on blood with parasite

75
Q

_____________ amastogates cause pathology of the heart.

A

Trypanosoma cruzi amastogates cause pathology of the heart.

76
Q

Diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Blood smear for trypomastigote

Serological tests

Xenodiagnosis

77
Q

Xenodiagnosis

A

requires several weeks, uninfected bugs are allowed to feed on suspected individual, and their hindguts are examined later for presence of tyrpanosomes

78
Q

Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

No satisfactory treatment known

Pour on insecticides to repel bugs

79
Q

Epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi depends on

A

Distribution of vectors

Virulence of parasite

Response to host

80
Q
A

Trypanosoma cruzi

81
Q

Common name for the conditons caused by Leishmania spp are ____________ (visceral form) and _____________ (cutaneous form)

A

Common name for the conditons caused by Leishmania spp are kala-azar (visceral form) and oriental sore (cutaneous form)

82
Q

Hosts of Leishmania spp

A

Dog

Wild Animals

Human

83
Q

Leishmania _________ is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the US.

A

Leishmania infantumis the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the US.

84
Q

____________ amastigotes are round or oval within host macrophages. Each possesses a large nucleus and rod-shaped kinetoplast

A

Leishmania spp. amastigotes are round or oval within host macrophages. Each possesses a large nucleus and rod-shaped kinetoplast

85
Q

Life Cycle of Leishmania spp

A

Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies

Sand flies inject the infective stage from their proboscis during blood meal

Promastigotes reach the puncture wound and are phagocytized by macrophage

Promastigotes transform in macrophages into the tissue stage of the parasite

Multiply by simple division and infect other macrophages

Sand flies infected by ingesting infected cells during blood meal

Amastigotes transfrom into promastigotes in the sand fly

86
Q

Site of infection of Leishmania spp

A

Skin, Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow and Lymph Node

87
Q

______________ amastigotes cause pathology in skin, liver and spleen. Cutaneous and viseral forms exist in dogs.

A

Leishmania spp amastigotes cause pathology in skin, liver and spleen. Cutaneous and viseral forms exist in dogs.

88
Q

___________ of Leishmania spp usually shows as shallow skin ulcers often on the lips and eyelids, spontaneous recovery

A

**Cutaneous form **of Leishmania spp usually shows as shallow skin ulcers often on the lips and eyelids, spontaneous recovery

89
Q

____________ of Leishmania spp is associated with intermittent fever, anemia, cachexia and generalized lymphadenopathy.

A

Visceral form of Leishmania spp is associated with intermittent fever, anemia, cachexia and generalized lymphadenopathy.

90
Q

Diagnosis of Leishmania spp

A

Scrapes or Smears for amastigotes

Spleen or bone marrow biopsy

Ab-ELISA

PCR

91
Q

Treatment of Leishmania spp

A

Pentavalent antimonal

Amphoteracin B

Destruction of dog d/t public health aspect

92
Q
A

Leishmania spp.

RUSVM Parasitology (16 decks)

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