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RUSVM Parasitology > Protozoa: Apicomplexa > Flashcards

Protozoa: Apicomplexa Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum __________ is characterized by having no locomotion organelle, an apical complex that consists of a polar ring, micronemes, rhoptries, subpellicular tubules and conoid.

A

Phylum Apicomplexa is characterized by having no locomotion organelle, an apical complex that consists of a polar ring, micronemes, rhoptries, subpellicular tubules and conoid.

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2
Q

Family Emeriidae consists of ______, _________ and __________.

A

Family Emeriidae consists of Isospora, Cystoisospora and Eimeria.

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3
Q

Family Eimeriidae is commonly called ________.

A

Family Eimeriidae is commonly called coccidia.

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4
Q

Common characterisitcs of the family Eimeriidae

A

Species are host specific

No intermediate host or vectors involved in life cycle

Primaril an issue in young animals

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5
Q

____________ is found in fresh feces of Eimeriidae species.

A

Unsporulated oocyst is found in fresh feces of Eimeriidae species.

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6
Q

_____________ is often required to determine the species.

A

Sporulation is often required to determine the species.

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7
Q

Sporulated oocysts of Isospora and Cystoisospora have _______ sporocysts while those of Eimera have _________ sporocysts.

A

Sporulated oocysts of Isospora and Cystoisospora have two sporocysts while those of Eimera have four sporocysts.

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8
Q

Life cycle of family Eimeriidae consists of what three phases?

A

Sporulation, Infection and Schizogony

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9
Q

Sporulation of Eimeriidae

A

Unsporulated oocyts pass in feces

Sporulation takes place outside the host

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10
Q

Infection and Schizogony (asexual reproduction)

A

Definitive host becomes infected by ingesting sporulated oocyst

Each sporozoite penetrates an epithelial cell > trophozoite

Trophozoite divides > Schizont

Schizont consists of large number of elongated nucleated organisms > merozoites

Host cell and schizont rupture, merozoites escapte to invade neighboring cells

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11
Q

Gametogony and Oocyst formation (sexual reproduction) of Eimeriidae

A

Schizogony terminates when merozoites give rise to male and female gametocytes

Macrogametocytes increase in size to fill parasitized cell

Microgametocytes undergo repeated division to form a large number of flagellated uninucleate organisms- only time they have organs of locomotion

Microgametes are freed by rupture of host cell

Fusion of micro and macrogamete nuclei > zygote

Cyst wall forms > oocyst

Oocyst ruptures out of cell and passed as unsporulated oocyst in feces of host

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12
Q

PPP of Eimeriidae is ________.

A

PPP of Eimeriidae is 4-11 days.

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13
Q

__________ destroys large or small intestinal cells, leading to a disruption of villous architecture, inflammatory changes in mucosa and enteritis.

A

Eimeriidae destroys large or small intestinal cells, leading to a disruption of villous architecture, inflammatory changes in mucosa and enteritis.

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14
Q

Eimeriidae that infect the __________ tend to be more pathogenic.

A

Eimeriidae that infect the large intestine tend to be more pathogenic.

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15
Q

Diagnosis of family Eimeriidae

A

Fecal float

Sporulation may be required to differentiate

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16
Q

Prevention of Eimeriidae

A

Management

Immunity develops after infection

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17
Q

Common name for Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis is ____________.

A

Common name for Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis is Coccidia.

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18
Q

Host for Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis

A

Dogs

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19
Q

Paratenic hosts of Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis

A

Rodents

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20
Q

Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis is distributed ____________.

A

Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis is distributed worldwide.

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21
Q

__________ is an oval coccidia and largest species in dogs.

A

Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis is an oval coccidia and largest species in dogs.

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22
Q

Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis needs to be differentiated from _________ that can be found in dog feces from ingesting other species feces.

A

Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis needs to be differentiated from Eimeria spp that can be found in dog feces from ingesting other species feces.

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23
Q

Life cycle of Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis

A

Same as general life cycle

Can include a paratenic host

PH ingest sporulated oocyst

Sporozoites invade the extraintestinal tissue/organs and form cyst

PH and cyst ingested by FH and sporozoites are released

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24
Q

Host of Isospora suis

A

Swine

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25
Q

Isospora suis is distributed _________.

A

Isospora suis is distributed worldwide.

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26
Q

Isospora suis infects the ____________.

A

Isospora suis infects the small intestine.

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27
Q

Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis infects the ___________.

A

Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis infects the small intestine.

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28
Q

Oocysts of Isospora suis are shed for _________ before the immune system decreases development.

A

Oocysts of Isospora suis are shed for 3-13 day. before immune system decreases development.

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29
Q

PPP of Isospora suis is _________.

A

PPP of Isospora suis is 4-6 days.

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30
Q

Isospora suis infects _________ old pigs.

A

Isospora suis infects 1 to 2 week old pigs.

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31
Q

The most pathogenic species of Eimeria in cattle are ______ and _________.

A

The most pathogenic species of Eimeria in cattle are E. bovis and E. zuernii.

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32
Q

_________ oocyst is 20um, ovoid and has a micropyle.

A

Eimeria bovis oocyst is 20um, ovoid and has a micropyle

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33
Q

_________ oocyst is 12um, spherical and lacks a micropyle

A

Eimeria zuernii oocyst is 12um, spherical and lacks a micropyle

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34
Q

Sporulation time of E. bovis is ___________.

A

Sporulation time of E. bovis is 2-3 days.

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35
Q

Sporulation time of E. zuernii is ___________.

A

Sporulation time of E. zuernii is 2-10 days.

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36
Q

PPP of E. bovis is __________.

A

PPP of E. bovis is 15-20 days.

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37
Q

PPP of E. zuernii is __________.

A

PPP of E. zuernii is 15-20 days.​

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38
Q

First generation schizont of __________ located in endothelial cells of lacteals of the small intestine.

A

First generation schizont of E. bovis located in endothelial cells of lacteals of the small intestine.

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39
Q

First generation schizont of __________ located in lamina propria cells.

A

First generation schizont of E. zuernii located in lamina propria cells.​

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40
Q

Second generation schizont of __________ located in epithelial cells of the large intestine.​

A

Second generation schizont of E. bovis located in epithelial cells of the large intestine.​

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41
Q

Second generation schizont of __________ located in epithelial cells of the small and large intestine.​

A

Second generation schizont of E. zuernii located in epithelial cells of the small and large intestine.​

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42
Q

Gametogony of __________ occurs in epithelial cells of the large intestine.​

A

Gametogony of E. bovis occurs in epithelial cells of the large intestine.​​

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43
Q

Gametogony of __________ occurs in epithelial cells of the small and large intestine.​​

A

Gametogony of E. zuernii occurs in epithelial cells of the small and large intestine.​​

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44
Q

Risk factors that predispose the development of coccidiosis

A

Overcrowding

Unhygienic conditions

Mixing of different age groups of cattle

Stress

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45
Q

Coccidiosis may be prevented by

A

Improving management

Prevent overcrowding

Improve hygiene

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46
Q

It is important for the animal to be sufficiently exposed to Eimeria in order to ____________.

A

It is important for the animal to be sufficiently exposed to Eimeria in order to develop immunity.

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47
Q

___________ are used prophylactically to ensure that sufficient exposure to Eimeria is met.

A

**Coccidiostats **are used prophylactically to ensure that sufficient exposure to Eimeria is met.

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48
Q

Treatement of Eimeria in Cattle

A

Anticoccidial Medication

Supportive therapy to rehydrate and prevent secondary bacterial infection

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49
Q

Eimeria spp of sheep and goats is distributed ____________.

A

Eimeria spp of sheep and goats is distributed worldwide.

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50
Q

Eimeria spp of sheep and goats is comparable to Eimeria spp in _________.

A

Eimeria spp of sheep and goats is comparable to Eimeria spp in cattle.

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51
Q

Host for Eimeria leukarti

A

Equine

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52
Q

Eimeria leukarti is distributed ___________.

A

Eimeria leukarti is distributed worldwide.

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53
Q

Eimeria leukarti infects the _________ and is largely benign.

A

Eimeria leukarti infects the small intestine and is largely benign.

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54
Q

__________ differs from other Eimeria in that the oocyst is extremely large with a thick shell and distinct micropyle

A

Eimeria leukarti differs from other Eimeria in that the oocyst is extremely large with a thick shell and distinct micropyle

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55
Q

Diagnosis of Eimeria leukarti

A

Fecal Float with Sugar Solution

Specific Sedimentation

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56
Q

Sporulation of Eimeria leukarti takes _________.

A

Sporulation of Eimeria leukarti takes 2-4 days.

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57
Q

PPP of Eimeria leukarti is _________.

A

PPP of Eimeria leukarti is 15 days.

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58
Q

Treatment of Eimeria leukarti

A

Little known about treatment

Antiprotozoal remedies and supportive therapy should be tried

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59
Q

Eimeria spp of swine is distributed ___________.

A

Eimeria spp of swine is distributed worldwide.

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60
Q

Eimeria spp of swine infect the _________.

A

Eimeria spp of swine infect the small intestine.

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61
Q

Sporulation time of Eimeria spp of swine is ___________.

A

Sporulation time of Eimeria spp of swine is 5-13 days.

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62
Q

PPP of Eimeria of swine is _________.

A

PPP of Eimeria of swine is 1.5 week.

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63
Q

Oocysts of Eimeria of swine shed for ________.

A

Oocysts of Eimeria of swine shed for 1 week.

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64
Q

Eimeria of birds is distributed ___________.

A

Eimeria of birds is distributed worldwide.

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65
Q

In Eimeria of ___________, speciation can be difficult even with sporulation.

A

In Eimeria of birds, speciation can be difficult even with sporulation.

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66
Q

In _____________ diagnosis is best accomplished by necropsy examination, location of lesion gives good indication of species of coccidia.

A

In Eimeria of birds diagnosis is best accomplished by necropsy examination, location of lesion gives good indication of species of coccidia.

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67
Q

Coccidiasis is ________ common than coccidiosis

A

Coccidiasis is more common than coccidiosis

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68
Q

E. tenella, E. brunetti and E. necatrix are most pathogenic species in _________.

A

E. tenella, E. brunetti and E. necatrix are most pathogenic species in chickens.

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69
Q

___________ develops in the cells of the ceca, causes acute infection most commonly in young chicks.

A

**E. tenella **develops in the cells of the ceca, causes acute infection most commonly in young chicks.

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70
Q

___________ infection is characterized by the presence of blood in the droppings and by high morbidity and mortality.

A

E. tenella infection is characterized by the presence of blood in the droppings and by high morbidity and mortality.

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71
Q

__________ develops in the small intestine early and later in the cecum, bloody droppings and dehydration accompany cecal coccidosis.

A

E. necatrix develops in the small intestine early and later in the cecum, bloody droppings and dehydration accompany cecal coccidosis.

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72
Q

__________ infects the ileum, cecum and rectum.

A

E. brunetti infects the ileum, cecum and rectum.

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73
Q

________ and __________ develop primarily in the upper part of the small intestine, cause subclinical coccidiosis associated with marked weight loss.

A

**E. acervulina **and E. maxima develop primarily in the upper part of the small intestine, cause subclinical coccidiosis associated with marked weight loss.

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74
Q

E. adenoides, E. meleagrimitis, E. galloparvonis and E. dispera are Eimeria of __________, which are not as pathogenic.

A

E. adenoides, E. meleagrimitis, E. galloparvonis and E. dispera are Eimeria of turkeys, which are not as pathogenic.

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75
Q

Management practices advised to prevent Eimeria of birds

A

Anticoccidial drugs mixed in feed

Keep chicks, feed and water away from droppings

Roost birds over wire netting

Place water vessels on wire frames to eliminate a concentration of wet droppings

Keep litter dry

Avoid over crowding

Treat immediately

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76
Q

Better biological approach to control coccidiosis is the use of _________ which prevent against the most virulent species.

A

Better biological approach to control coccidiosis is the use of vaccines which prevent against the most virulent species.

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77
Q

Life cycle of Eimeria spp

A

Excretion of unsporulated oocyst

Sporulated oocyst

Excystation of oocyst

Merogony

Gametogony

Fertilization

78
Q
A

Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis

Unsporulated

79
Q
A

Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis

Sporulated

80
Q
A

Eimeria leukarti

81
Q
A

Eimeria spp of birds

82
Q

Definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Cats

83
Q

Intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Warm blooded animals

Humans

84
Q

Toxoplasma gondii is distributed ___________.

A

Toxoplasma gondii is distributed worldwide.

85
Q

_____________ oocysts found in feces of cat, small, 12um and when sporulated contain 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites.

A

Toxoplasma gondii oocysts found in feces of cat, small, 12um and when sporulated contain 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites.

86
Q

Sporulation of Toxoplasma gondii takes _________.

A

Sporulation of Toxoplasma gondii takes 1-5 days.

87
Q

PPP of Toxoplasma gondii is ___________.

A

PPP of Toxoplasma gondii is 3-10 days.

88
Q

Unsporulated oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii are shed for ___________.

A

Unsporulated oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii are shed for 1-2 weeks.

89
Q

Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Unsporulated oocysts in cat feces

Sporulate in environment and become infective

IH ingest sprulated oocyst > tachyzoites localize in neural and muscle tissue

Tissue cysts containing brazyzoites develop

Cat ingest IH

Bradyzoites released and initiate schizogonous and gametogenous development

90
Q

Humans can become infected with _____________ by eating undercooked meat, consuming water or food contaminated with feces, blood transfusion or organ transplantation or transplacentally from mother to fetus.

A

Humans can become infected with Toxoplasma gondii by eating undercooked meat, consuming water or food contaminated with feces, blood transfusion or organ transplantation or transplacentally from mother to fetus.

91
Q

In the human host, __________ form tissue cysts in skeletal muscle, myocardim, brain and eyes. The cysts remain throughout the life of the host

A

In the human host, Toxoplasma gondii form tissue cysts in skeletal muscle, myocardim, brain and eyes. The cysts remain throughout the life of the host

92
Q

_____________ infects intestinal and extraintestinal tissues in both final host and intermediate host.

A

Toxoplasma gondii infects intestinal and extraintestinal tissues in both final host and intermediate host.

93
Q

Cats develop immunity after infection of _____________ and shed only once in a lifetime.

A

Cats develop immunity after infection of Toxoplasma gondii and shed only once in a lifetime.

94
Q

In sheep and goats infected with _____________, aborted fetuses might not have significant lesions. Placenta does have characteristic lesions: cotyledons are bright red and have numerous white flecks or small white nodules.

A

In sheep and goats infected with Toxoplasma gondii, aborted fetuses might not have significant lesions. Placenta does have characteristic lesions: cotyledons are bright red and have numerous white flecks or small white nodules.

95
Q

Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Serological tests

ELISA and IFA

96
Q

___________ is an important cause of abortion in ewes and prenatal mortality in sheep and goats.

A

Toxoplasma gondii is an important cause of abortion in ewes and prenatal mortality in sheep and goats.

97
Q

Prevention of Toxoplasma gondii for humans is important because:

A

Exposure of human fetuses to the parasite can cause death, congenital malformation loss of vision or mental retardation

98
Q

Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii in cats

A

Nonsulfonamides and sulfonamides

99
Q
A

Toxoplasma gondii

100
Q

Final hosts for Sarcocystis spp

A

Dogs, Cats, Humans

101
Q

Intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis spp

A

Cattle

102
Q

__________ sporulated oocysts contain 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites, sporocysts develop in the intestine before passing in feces, individual sporocyts often observed.

A

Sarcocystis spp sporulated oocysts contain 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites, sporocysts develop in the intestine before passing in feces, individual sporocyts often observed.

103
Q

Life Cycle of Sarcocytis spp

A

Gametogony in Final Host:

Final host ingests mature sarcocyst with bradyzoite in IH

Bradyzoite liberated in intestine, pass to lamina propria

Zoites differentiate into micro and macrogametocytes

Oocysts formed that sporulate in body

Oocyst wall ruptures and free sporocysts found in feces

Schizogony in IH

Ingestion of sporocyts

Sporozoites invade intestinal wall and enter capillaries, locate in endothelial cells

Undergo 2 schizogonous cycles

3rd asexual stage occurs in circulating lymphocyte

Merozoites penetrate muscle cells, encyst and divide > bradyzoites

104
Q

PPP of Sarcocystis spp in the FH is ___________.

A

PPP of Sarcocystis spp in the FH is 7-14d.

105
Q

Patent period (period during which sporocysts are passed in feces) of Sarcocystis spp is _________.

A

Patent period (period during which sporocysts are passed in feces) of Sarcocystis spp is 1 to several months.

106
Q

In Sarcocystis spp, ingestion of sporocysts to presence of infective bradyzoites in IH occurs in __________ but may extend to 12 mo.

A

In Sarcocystis spp, ingestion of sporocysts to presence of infective bradyzoites in IH occurs in 2-3 mo but may extend to 12 mo.

107
Q

The complete life cycle of Sarcocystis spp can take _____________.

A

The complete life cycle of Sarcocystis spp can take 2.5 to 16 months.

108
Q

____________ infects the muscles of the IH and the gastrointestinal tract of the final host.

A

Sarcocystis spp infects the muscles of the IH and the gastrointestinal tract of the final host.

109
Q

_________ shows no illness in the final host, but schizogony in the endothelium of the IH may result in serious or fatal disease.

A

Sarcocystis spp shows no illness in the final host, but schizogony in the endothelium of the IH may result in serious or fatal disease.

110
Q

___________ in cattle, clinical signs are associated with release of the second wave of merozoites. Consists of protracted fever, anemia, lymphadenoptahy, anorexia, diarrhea, hypersalivation, weakness and hair loss. Cows in the last trimester of pregnancy may abort.

A

Sarcocystis spp in cattle, clinical signs are associated with release of the second wave of merozoites. Consists of protracted fever, anemia, lymphadenoptahy, anorexia, diarrhea, hypersalivation, weakness and hair loss. Cows in the last trimester of pregnancy may abort.

111
Q

Prevention of Sarcocystis spp

A

Prevent fecal contamination

Interrupt cycle of infection by cooking meat fed to final host

112
Q
A

Sarcocystis spp

113
Q

___________ causes the disease Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM).

A

Sarcocystis neurona causes the disease Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM).

114
Q

Definitive host of Sarcocystis neurona

A

Opossum

115
Q

Intermediate host of Sarcocystis neurona

A

Cats

116
Q

Aberrant host of Sarcocystis neurona

A

Equine

117
Q

Sarcocystis neurona is distributed across __________.

A

Sarcocystis neurona is distributed across America.

118
Q

Life Cycle of Sarcocystis neurona

A

Development of muscles cysts does not occur in Horse

Schizonts and merzoites are located in neurons in the CNS of the horse

119
Q

____________ infects the intestines of the final host, muscles of the IH and within the neurons of the aberrant host.

A

Sarcocystis neurona infects the intestines of the final host, muscles of the IH and within the neurons of the aberrant host.

120
Q

___________ is non-pathogenic in the final host. In the IH the pathogenic effect is attributable to the second stage of schizogony in vascular endothelium. In the aberrant host the pathological effect occurs when nervous tissue is infected.

A

Sarcocystis neurona is non-pathogenic in the final host. In the IH the pathogenic effect is attributable to the second stage of schizogony in vascular endothelium. In the aberrant host the pathological effect occurs when nervous tissue is infected.

121
Q

_________ presents as neurological disease in the equine. Stumbling, paresis, lameness, ataxia, recumbency, constipation, urinary incontinece and muscle atrophy are seen.

A

Sarcocystis neurona presents as neurological disease in the equine. Stumbling, paresis, lameness, ataxia, recumbency, constipation, urinary incontinece and muscle atrophy are seen.

122
Q

Diagnosis of Sarcocystis neurona

A

Histopathology

Western Blot

123
Q

Treatment of Sarcocystis neurona

A

Antiprotozoals

124
Q

Prevention of Sarcocystis neurona

A

Opossum control

Prevent feed contamination

125
Q

Final host of Neospora spp

A

Dogs

126
Q

Intermediate host of Neospora spp

A

Dogs, Cattle, White Tailed Deer

127
Q

Neospora spp is distributed __________.

A

Neospora spp is distributed worldwide.

128
Q

___________ have spherical oocysts, colorless, thin, smooth outer wall up to 12 um

A

Neospora spp have spherical oocysts, colorless, thin, smooth outer wall up to 12 um

129
Q

Life Cycle of Neospora spp

A

Final host gametogony in intestine

Unsporulated oocysts in feces

Sporulation occurs outside the host

Sporulated oocyst ingested by IH, encyst in intestine

Sporozoites penetrate intestine

Tachyzoites formed within cells when cell ruptures tachyzoite infect other cell

Can cross placenta

Cyst containing bradyzoites found in neural cells

130
Q

Most infections of _____________ in cattle and dogs occur transplacentally.

A

Most infections of Neospora spp in cattle and dogs occur transplacentally.

131
Q

__________ are intracellular parasites. In the final host infect epithelial or other intestinal cells, in the IH have a predilection site for the CNS.

A

Neospora spp are intracellular parasites. In the final host infect epithelial or other intestinal cells, in the IH have a predilection site for the CNS.

132
Q

Abortion at three months to term is the only clinical sign of ____________ in dairy and beef cattle.

A

Abortion at three months to term is the only clinical sign of Neospora spp in dairy and beef cattle.

133
Q

____________ is the major cause of abortion in dairy cows globally.

A

Neospora spp is the major cause of abortion in dairy cows globally.

134
Q

Diagnosis of Neospora spp

A

Serological test

Necropsy

135
Q

Prevention of Neospora spp

A

Hygiene

Protect water and feed from contamination

Dispose of aborted fetuses

Vaccination for pregnanat cows during 1st trimester

136
Q
A

Neospora spp

137
Q

Hosts of Cryptosporidium spp

A

Wide range of vertebrates serve as hosts

Cross-infection among host species common

138
Q

Cryptosporidium spp is distributed ____________.

A

Cryptosporidium spp is distributed worldwide.

139
Q

_____________ oocysts are 4-8um, colorless, transparent and small. Each oocyst contains 4 sporozoites

A

Cryptosporidium spp oocysts are 4-8um, colorless, transparent and small. Each oocyst contains 4 sporozoites

140
Q

Life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp

A

Transmission direct

Sporulated oocysts passed in feces

Autoinfection occurs

Ingestion or inhalation of sporulated oocysts

Sporozoites are released and infect the epithelium of the digestive or respiratory tract

Stages are small and located at microvillar surface of epithelial cells

141
Q

_______________ infects epithelial cells of digestive and respiratory tracts

A

Cryptosporidium spp infects epithelial cells of digestive and respiratory tracts

142
Q

_______________ clinical signs may be unapparent. Diarrhea may occur. Immunocompromised patients may develop a life threatening hyperinfective form

A

Cryptosporidium spp clinical signs may be unapparent. Diarrhea may occur. Immunocompromised patients may develop a life threatening hyperinfective form

143
Q

Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp

A

Stained Fecal Smear

Fecal Float with Sugar

ELISA

144
Q

Prevention of Cryptosporidium spp

A

Water filters to prevent transmission

145
Q
A

Cryptosporidium spp

146
Q

Host of Hepatozoon spp

A

Dogs

147
Q

Hepatozoon spp is distributed ___________.

A

Hepatozoon spp is distributed throughout America.

148
Q

_______________ identified by gamonts in blood cells of peripheral blood. Leukocytes in blood contain parasites.

A

Hepatozoon spp identified by gamonts in blood cells of peripheral blood. Leukocytes in blood contain parasites.

149
Q

Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast Tick) and Rhipicephalus sanguienus are vectors that transmit __________________.

A

Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast Tick) and Rhipicephalus sanguienus are vectors that transmit Hepatozoon spp.

150
Q

Life cycle of Hepatozoon spp.

A

Dog infected by ingesting tick

Sporozoites are released and transported to target tissues and organs

Schizonts formed

Parasitic organisms are found in WBC

Tick infected by ingesting WBC

Sexual reproduction occur in gut of tick

Production of oocysts containing infective sporozoites

151
Q

_____________ infects white blood cells.

A

Hepatozoon spp infects white blood cells.

152
Q

Hepatozoon ________ causes subclinical infection. Hepatozoon _________ causes severe disease, marked neutrophilic leukocytosis, joint pain associated with myositis and periosteal bone proliferation.

A

Hepatozoon **canis **causes subclinical infection. Hepatozoon americanum causes severe disease, marked neutrophilic leukocytosis, joint pain associated with myositis and periosteal bone proliferation.

153
Q

Diagnosis of Hepatozoon spp

A

Biopsy

Necropsy

154
Q

Prevention of Hepatozoon spp

A

Tick control

155
Q

Treatment of Hepatozoon spp

A

Antiprotozoals used, but have failed to prevent relapse

156
Q
A

Hepatozoon spp

157
Q

Babesia spp causes ____________ and _____________.

A

Babesia spp causes Canine babesiosis and Canine piroplasmosis.

158
Q

______________ trophozoites in RBC are round, ovoid, elongate, amoeboid, pyriform, club-shaped, in pairs or tetrads and measure 5um.

A

Babesia spp trophozoites in RBC are round, ovoid, elongate, amoeboid, pyriform, club-shaped, in pairs or tetrads and measure 5um.

159
Q

Life cycle of Babesia spp

A

Dog inoculated by tick vector

Sporozoites enter the bloodstream of the dog and multiply by schizogony in RBC

Cell rupture and new organisms penetrate new cells

Tick infected by ingesting RBC

Tick gut generation of schizogny results in vermicules

Vermicules infect tick eggs in female tick which contiue to multiple and infect tick larvae

Small pyriform bodies in the salivary cells forming sporozoites

160
Q

Life cycle of Babesia spp takes __________.

A

Life cycle of Babesia spp takes ** 7 days**.

161
Q

___________ infects erythrocytes

A

Babesia spp infects erythrocytes

162
Q

Erythrocyte destruction caused by ___________ leads to depression, anorexia, anemia and splenomegaly.

A

Erythrocyte destruction caused by Babesia spp leads to depression, anorexia, anemia and splenomegaly.

163
Q

Diagnosis of Babesia spp

A

Blood Smear using Giemsa Stain

Serology

164
Q

Treatment of Babesia spp

A

Antiprotozoals (Not approved in USA)

165
Q

Prevention of Babesia spp

A

Control of Ticks

166
Q

Babesia bigemina causes ____________, _____________ or ______________.

A

Babesia bigemina causes Bovine piroplasmosis, bovine babesiosis or Texas Cattle Fever.

167
Q

Host of Babesia bigemina

A

Bovine

168
Q

Distribution of Babesia bigemina is throughout _____________, ___________, _________ and _______________.

A

Distribution of Babesia bigemina is throughout America, _**South Europe, ** **Africa **and Australia.

169
Q

_____________ trophozoites in RBC, apple-seed like, singly, in pairs or multiples and measure 2.5-5um

A

Babesia bigemina trophozoites in RBC, apple-seed like, singly, in pairs or multiples and measure 2.5-5um

170
Q

Destruction of the red blood cells by ___________ gives rise to chronic cases with intermittent fever, anemia, emaciation, edema, icterus.

A

Destruction of the red blood cells by Babesia bigemina gives rise to chronic cases with intermittent fever, anemia, emaciation, edema, icterus.

171
Q

Older animals are ___________ susceptible to Babesia bigemina than younger animals.

A

Older animals are more susceptible to Babesia bigemina than younger animals.

172
Q

Diagnosis of Babesia bigeminia

A

Blood Smear using Giemsa or Wrights Stain

Serology

173
Q

Treatement of Babesia bigemina

A

Antiprotozoal remedies

174
Q

Prevetion of Babesia bigemina

A

Tick control

175
Q

Hosts of Theileria (Cytauxzoon) spp.

A

Cats

176
Q

Theileria spp is distributed throughout _____________.

A

Theileria spp is distributed throughout America.

177
Q

_____________ small organisms 1-2um in redblood cells.

A

**Theileria spp **small organisms 1-2um in redblood cells.

178
Q

Life Cycle of Theileria spp

A

Poorly described

A. americanum transmits the organims

Schizonts found in leukocytes, erythroblasts, macrophates and other host cells

Release merozoites

Merozoites invade erythrocytes

Occurs in reticuloendothelial cells

179
Q

______________ schizonts cause an enlargement of infected cells. Occlusion of the lumen of blood vessels and sinusoides in organs.

A

Theileria spp schizonts cause an enlargement of infected cells. Occlusion of the lumen of blood vessels and sinusoides in organs.

180
Q

Clinical signs of __________ include pyrexia, anemia, icterus and dehdryation. Animals die 9-15 days after infection.

A

Clinical signs of Theileria spp include pyrexia, anemia, icterus and dehdryation. Animals die 9-15 days after infection.

181
Q

Diagnosis of Theileria spp

A

Blood smear stained with Wrights stain or Giemsa

182
Q
A

Theileria spp

183
Q

Host of Leucocytozoon spp

A

Avian

184
Q

Vectors of Leucocytozoon

A

Blackflies and Biting midges

185
Q

______________ are spherical to ovoid to spindle-shaped masses containing 1-4 elongated, deeply stained structures.

A

Leucocytozoon spp are spherical to ovoid to spindle-shaped masses containing 1-4 elongated, deeply stained structures.

186
Q

Life cycle of Leucocytozoon spp

A

Bird infected when bitten by blackflies and biting midges

Sporozoites enter the hepatocytes

First generation schizonts develop

Subsequent generations of schizonts develop in brain, heart, lung, liver, gizzard, intetine and lymphoid tissue

Schizonts develop possibly in lymphoid or macrophage cells

Megaloschizonts develop to merozoites

Schizonts rupture and the merozoites are released into the blood

Merozoites enter lymphocytes, monocytes, and erthryocytes forming micro and macrogametocytes

Fertilzation occurs int he vector, sporozoites pass to salivary gland

187
Q

__________ in young animals the morbidity and mortality may be high. Recovering birds become life long carriers.

A

Leucocytozoon spp in young animals the morbidity and mortality may be high. Recovering birds become life long carriers.

188
Q

Acute infection of __________ results in listlessness, anorectic, anemic and have labored breathing. CNS symptoms may be seen before death.

A

Acute infection of Leucocytozoon spp results in listlessness, anorectic, anemic and have labored breathing. CNS symptoms may be seen before death.

189
Q

Diagnosis of Leucocytozoon spp

A

Blood smear

190
Q

Treatment of Leucocytozoan spp

A

Antiprotozoal remedies

191
Q

Prevention of Leucocytozoon spp

A

Vaccine

Repell vectors

192
Q
A

Leucocytozoon spp.

RUSVM Parasitology (16 decks)

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