Protozoa: Apicomplexa Flashcards
Phylum __________ is characterized by having no locomotion organelle, an apical complex that consists of a polar ring, micronemes, rhoptries, subpellicular tubules and conoid.
Phylum Apicomplexa is characterized by having no locomotion organelle, an apical complex that consists of a polar ring, micronemes, rhoptries, subpellicular tubules and conoid.
Family Emeriidae consists of ______, _________ and __________.
Family Emeriidae consists of Isospora, Cystoisospora and Eimeria.
Family Eimeriidae is commonly called ________.
Family Eimeriidae is commonly called coccidia.
Common characterisitcs of the family Eimeriidae
Species are host specific
No intermediate host or vectors involved in life cycle
Primaril an issue in young animals
____________ is found in fresh feces of Eimeriidae species.
Unsporulated oocyst is found in fresh feces of Eimeriidae species.
_____________ is often required to determine the species.
Sporulation is often required to determine the species.
Sporulated oocysts of Isospora and Cystoisospora have _______ sporocysts while those of Eimera have _________ sporocysts.
Sporulated oocysts of Isospora and Cystoisospora have two sporocysts while those of Eimera have four sporocysts.
Life cycle of family Eimeriidae consists of what three phases?
Sporulation, Infection and Schizogony
Sporulation of Eimeriidae
Unsporulated oocyts pass in feces
Sporulation takes place outside the host
Infection and Schizogony (asexual reproduction)
Definitive host becomes infected by ingesting sporulated oocyst
Each sporozoite penetrates an epithelial cell > trophozoite
Trophozoite divides > Schizont
Schizont consists of large number of elongated nucleated organisms > merozoites
Host cell and schizont rupture, merozoites escapte to invade neighboring cells
Gametogony and Oocyst formation (sexual reproduction) of Eimeriidae
Schizogony terminates when merozoites give rise to male and female gametocytes
Macrogametocytes increase in size to fill parasitized cell
Microgametocytes undergo repeated division to form a large number of flagellated uninucleate organisms- only time they have organs of locomotion
Microgametes are freed by rupture of host cell
Fusion of micro and macrogamete nuclei > zygote
Cyst wall forms > oocyst
Oocyst ruptures out of cell and passed as unsporulated oocyst in feces of host
PPP of Eimeriidae is ________.
PPP of Eimeriidae is 4-11 days.
__________ destroys large or small intestinal cells, leading to a disruption of villous architecture, inflammatory changes in mucosa and enteritis.
Eimeriidae destroys large or small intestinal cells, leading to a disruption of villous architecture, inflammatory changes in mucosa and enteritis.
Eimeriidae that infect the __________ tend to be more pathogenic.
Eimeriidae that infect the large intestine tend to be more pathogenic.
Diagnosis of family Eimeriidae
Fecal float
Sporulation may be required to differentiate
Prevention of Eimeriidae
Management
Immunity develops after infection
Common name for Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis is ____________.
Common name for Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis is Coccidia.
Host for Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis
Dogs
Paratenic hosts of Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis
Rodents
Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis is distributed ____________.
Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis is distributed worldwide.
__________ is an oval coccidia and largest species in dogs.
Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis is an oval coccidia and largest species in dogs.
Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis needs to be differentiated from _________ that can be found in dog feces from ingesting other species feces.
Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis needs to be differentiated from Eimeria spp that can be found in dog feces from ingesting other species feces.
Life cycle of Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis
Same as general life cycle
Can include a paratenic host
PH ingest sporulated oocyst
Sporozoites invade the extraintestinal tissue/organs and form cyst
PH and cyst ingested by FH and sporozoites are released
Host of Isospora suis
Swine
Isospora suis is distributed _________.
Isospora suis is distributed worldwide.
Isospora suis infects the ____________.
Isospora suis infects the small intestine.
Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis infects the ___________.
Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis infects the small intestine.
Oocysts of Isospora suis are shed for _________ before the immune system decreases development.
Oocysts of Isospora suis are shed for 3-13 day. before immune system decreases development.
PPP of Isospora suis is _________.
PPP of Isospora suis is 4-6 days.
Isospora suis infects _________ old pigs.
Isospora suis infects 1 to 2 week old pigs.
The most pathogenic species of Eimeria in cattle are ______ and _________.
The most pathogenic species of Eimeria in cattle are E. bovis and E. zuernii.
_________ oocyst is 20um, ovoid and has a micropyle.
Eimeria bovis oocyst is 20um, ovoid and has a micropyle
_________ oocyst is 12um, spherical and lacks a micropyle
Eimeria zuernii oocyst is 12um, spherical and lacks a micropyle
Sporulation time of E. bovis is ___________.
Sporulation time of E. bovis is 2-3 days.
Sporulation time of E. zuernii is ___________.
Sporulation time of E. zuernii is 2-10 days.
PPP of E. bovis is __________.
PPP of E. bovis is 15-20 days.
PPP of E. zuernii is __________.
PPP of E. zuernii is 15-20 days.
First generation schizont of __________ located in endothelial cells of lacteals of the small intestine.
First generation schizont of E. bovis located in endothelial cells of lacteals of the small intestine.
First generation schizont of __________ located in lamina propria cells.
First generation schizont of E. zuernii located in lamina propria cells.
Second generation schizont of __________ located in epithelial cells of the large intestine.
Second generation schizont of E. bovis located in epithelial cells of the large intestine.
Second generation schizont of __________ located in epithelial cells of the small and large intestine.
Second generation schizont of E. zuernii located in epithelial cells of the small and large intestine.
Gametogony of __________ occurs in epithelial cells of the large intestine.
Gametogony of E. bovis occurs in epithelial cells of the large intestine.
Gametogony of __________ occurs in epithelial cells of the small and large intestine.
Gametogony of E. zuernii occurs in epithelial cells of the small and large intestine.
Risk factors that predispose the development of coccidiosis
Overcrowding
Unhygienic conditions
Mixing of different age groups of cattle
Stress
Coccidiosis may be prevented by
Improving management
Prevent overcrowding
Improve hygiene
It is important for the animal to be sufficiently exposed to Eimeria in order to ____________.
It is important for the animal to be sufficiently exposed to Eimeria in order to develop immunity.
___________ are used prophylactically to ensure that sufficient exposure to Eimeria is met.
**Coccidiostats **are used prophylactically to ensure that sufficient exposure to Eimeria is met.
Treatement of Eimeria in Cattle
Anticoccidial Medication
Supportive therapy to rehydrate and prevent secondary bacterial infection
Eimeria spp of sheep and goats is distributed ____________.
Eimeria spp of sheep and goats is distributed worldwide.
Eimeria spp of sheep and goats is comparable to Eimeria spp in _________.
Eimeria spp of sheep and goats is comparable to Eimeria spp in cattle.
Host for Eimeria leukarti
Equine
Eimeria leukarti is distributed ___________.
Eimeria leukarti is distributed worldwide.
Eimeria leukarti infects the _________ and is largely benign.
Eimeria leukarti infects the small intestine and is largely benign.
__________ differs from other Eimeria in that the oocyst is extremely large with a thick shell and distinct micropyle
Eimeria leukarti differs from other Eimeria in that the oocyst is extremely large with a thick shell and distinct micropyle
Diagnosis of Eimeria leukarti
Fecal Float with Sugar Solution
Specific Sedimentation
Sporulation of Eimeria leukarti takes _________.
Sporulation of Eimeria leukarti takes 2-4 days.
PPP of Eimeria leukarti is _________.
PPP of Eimeria leukarti is 15 days.
Treatment of Eimeria leukarti
Little known about treatment
Antiprotozoal remedies and supportive therapy should be tried
Eimeria spp of swine is distributed ___________.
Eimeria spp of swine is distributed worldwide.
Eimeria spp of swine infect the _________.
Eimeria spp of swine infect the small intestine.
Sporulation time of Eimeria spp of swine is ___________.
Sporulation time of Eimeria spp of swine is 5-13 days.
PPP of Eimeria of swine is _________.
PPP of Eimeria of swine is 1.5 week.
Oocysts of Eimeria of swine shed for ________.
Oocysts of Eimeria of swine shed for 1 week.
Eimeria of birds is distributed ___________.
Eimeria of birds is distributed worldwide.
In Eimeria of ___________, speciation can be difficult even with sporulation.
In Eimeria of birds, speciation can be difficult even with sporulation.
In _____________ diagnosis is best accomplished by necropsy examination, location of lesion gives good indication of species of coccidia.
In Eimeria of birds diagnosis is best accomplished by necropsy examination, location of lesion gives good indication of species of coccidia.
Coccidiasis is ________ common than coccidiosis
Coccidiasis is more common than coccidiosis
E. tenella, E. brunetti and E. necatrix are most pathogenic species in _________.
E. tenella, E. brunetti and E. necatrix are most pathogenic species in chickens.
___________ develops in the cells of the ceca, causes acute infection most commonly in young chicks.
**E. tenella **develops in the cells of the ceca, causes acute infection most commonly in young chicks.
___________ infection is characterized by the presence of blood in the droppings and by high morbidity and mortality.
E. tenella infection is characterized by the presence of blood in the droppings and by high morbidity and mortality.
__________ develops in the small intestine early and later in the cecum, bloody droppings and dehydration accompany cecal coccidosis.
E. necatrix develops in the small intestine early and later in the cecum, bloody droppings and dehydration accompany cecal coccidosis.
__________ infects the ileum, cecum and rectum.
E. brunetti infects the ileum, cecum and rectum.
________ and __________ develop primarily in the upper part of the small intestine, cause subclinical coccidiosis associated with marked weight loss.
**E. acervulina **and E. maxima develop primarily in the upper part of the small intestine, cause subclinical coccidiosis associated with marked weight loss.
E. adenoides, E. meleagrimitis, E. galloparvonis and E. dispera are Eimeria of __________, which are not as pathogenic.
E. adenoides, E. meleagrimitis, E. galloparvonis and E. dispera are Eimeria of turkeys, which are not as pathogenic.
Management practices advised to prevent Eimeria of birds
Anticoccidial drugs mixed in feed
Keep chicks, feed and water away from droppings
Roost birds over wire netting
Place water vessels on wire frames to eliminate a concentration of wet droppings
Keep litter dry
Avoid over crowding
Treat immediately
Better biological approach to control coccidiosis is the use of _________ which prevent against the most virulent species.
Better biological approach to control coccidiosis is the use of vaccines which prevent against the most virulent species.
Life cycle of Eimeria spp
Excretion of unsporulated oocyst
Sporulated oocyst
Excystation of oocyst
Merogony
Gametogony
Fertilization
Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis
Unsporulated
Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis
Sporulated
Eimeria leukarti
Eimeria spp of birds
Definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii
Cats
Intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii
Warm blooded animals
Humans
Toxoplasma gondii is distributed ___________.
Toxoplasma gondii is distributed worldwide.
_____________ oocysts found in feces of cat, small, 12um and when sporulated contain 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites.
Toxoplasma gondii oocysts found in feces of cat, small, 12um and when sporulated contain 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites.
Sporulation of Toxoplasma gondii takes _________.
Sporulation of Toxoplasma gondii takes 1-5 days.
PPP of Toxoplasma gondii is ___________.
PPP of Toxoplasma gondii is 3-10 days.
Unsporulated oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii are shed for ___________.
Unsporulated oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii are shed for 1-2 weeks.
Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii
Unsporulated oocysts in cat feces
Sporulate in environment and become infective
IH ingest sprulated oocyst > tachyzoites localize in neural and muscle tissue
Tissue cysts containing brazyzoites develop
Cat ingest IH
Bradyzoites released and initiate schizogonous and gametogenous development
Humans can become infected with _____________ by eating undercooked meat, consuming water or food contaminated with feces, blood transfusion or organ transplantation or transplacentally from mother to fetus.
Humans can become infected with Toxoplasma gondii by eating undercooked meat, consuming water or food contaminated with feces, blood transfusion or organ transplantation or transplacentally from mother to fetus.
In the human host, __________ form tissue cysts in skeletal muscle, myocardim, brain and eyes. The cysts remain throughout the life of the host
In the human host, Toxoplasma gondii form tissue cysts in skeletal muscle, myocardim, brain and eyes. The cysts remain throughout the life of the host
_____________ infects intestinal and extraintestinal tissues in both final host and intermediate host.
Toxoplasma gondii infects intestinal and extraintestinal tissues in both final host and intermediate host.
Cats develop immunity after infection of _____________ and shed only once in a lifetime.
Cats develop immunity after infection of Toxoplasma gondii and shed only once in a lifetime.
In sheep and goats infected with _____________, aborted fetuses might not have significant lesions. Placenta does have characteristic lesions: cotyledons are bright red and have numerous white flecks or small white nodules.
In sheep and goats infected with Toxoplasma gondii, aborted fetuses might not have significant lesions. Placenta does have characteristic lesions: cotyledons are bright red and have numerous white flecks or small white nodules.
Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii
Serological tests
ELISA and IFA
___________ is an important cause of abortion in ewes and prenatal mortality in sheep and goats.
Toxoplasma gondii is an important cause of abortion in ewes and prenatal mortality in sheep and goats.
Prevention of Toxoplasma gondii for humans is important because:
Exposure of human fetuses to the parasite can cause death, congenital malformation loss of vision or mental retardation
Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii in cats
Nonsulfonamides and sulfonamides
Toxoplasma gondii
Final hosts for Sarcocystis spp
Dogs, Cats, Humans
Intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis spp
Cattle
__________ sporulated oocysts contain 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites, sporocysts develop in the intestine before passing in feces, individual sporocyts often observed.
Sarcocystis spp sporulated oocysts contain 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites, sporocysts develop in the intestine before passing in feces, individual sporocyts often observed.
Life Cycle of Sarcocytis spp
Gametogony in Final Host:
Final host ingests mature sarcocyst with bradyzoite in IH
Bradyzoite liberated in intestine, pass to lamina propria
Zoites differentiate into micro and macrogametocytes
Oocysts formed that sporulate in body
Oocyst wall ruptures and free sporocysts found in feces
Schizogony in IH
Ingestion of sporocyts
Sporozoites invade intestinal wall and enter capillaries, locate in endothelial cells
Undergo 2 schizogonous cycles
3rd asexual stage occurs in circulating lymphocyte
Merozoites penetrate muscle cells, encyst and divide > bradyzoites
PPP of Sarcocystis spp in the FH is ___________.
PPP of Sarcocystis spp in the FH is 7-14d.
Patent period (period during which sporocysts are passed in feces) of Sarcocystis spp is _________.
Patent period (period during which sporocysts are passed in feces) of Sarcocystis spp is 1 to several months.
In Sarcocystis spp, ingestion of sporocysts to presence of infective bradyzoites in IH occurs in __________ but may extend to 12 mo.
In Sarcocystis spp, ingestion of sporocysts to presence of infective bradyzoites in IH occurs in 2-3 mo but may extend to 12 mo.
The complete life cycle of Sarcocystis spp can take _____________.
The complete life cycle of Sarcocystis spp can take 2.5 to 16 months.
____________ infects the muscles of the IH and the gastrointestinal tract of the final host.
Sarcocystis spp infects the muscles of the IH and the gastrointestinal tract of the final host.
_________ shows no illness in the final host, but schizogony in the endothelium of the IH may result in serious or fatal disease.
Sarcocystis spp shows no illness in the final host, but schizogony in the endothelium of the IH may result in serious or fatal disease.
___________ in cattle, clinical signs are associated with release of the second wave of merozoites. Consists of protracted fever, anemia, lymphadenoptahy, anorexia, diarrhea, hypersalivation, weakness and hair loss. Cows in the last trimester of pregnancy may abort.
Sarcocystis spp in cattle, clinical signs are associated with release of the second wave of merozoites. Consists of protracted fever, anemia, lymphadenoptahy, anorexia, diarrhea, hypersalivation, weakness and hair loss. Cows in the last trimester of pregnancy may abort.
Prevention of Sarcocystis spp
Prevent fecal contamination
Interrupt cycle of infection by cooking meat fed to final host
Sarcocystis spp
___________ causes the disease Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM).
Sarcocystis neurona causes the disease Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM).
Definitive host of Sarcocystis neurona
Opossum
Intermediate host of Sarcocystis neurona
Cats
Aberrant host of Sarcocystis neurona
Equine
Sarcocystis neurona is distributed across __________.
Sarcocystis neurona is distributed across America.
Life Cycle of Sarcocystis neurona
Development of muscles cysts does not occur in Horse
Schizonts and merzoites are located in neurons in the CNS of the horse
____________ infects the intestines of the final host, muscles of the IH and within the neurons of the aberrant host.
Sarcocystis neurona infects the intestines of the final host, muscles of the IH and within the neurons of the aberrant host.
___________ is non-pathogenic in the final host. In the IH the pathogenic effect is attributable to the second stage of schizogony in vascular endothelium. In the aberrant host the pathological effect occurs when nervous tissue is infected.
Sarcocystis neurona is non-pathogenic in the final host. In the IH the pathogenic effect is attributable to the second stage of schizogony in vascular endothelium. In the aberrant host the pathological effect occurs when nervous tissue is infected.
_________ presents as neurological disease in the equine. Stumbling, paresis, lameness, ataxia, recumbency, constipation, urinary incontinece and muscle atrophy are seen.
Sarcocystis neurona presents as neurological disease in the equine. Stumbling, paresis, lameness, ataxia, recumbency, constipation, urinary incontinece and muscle atrophy are seen.
Diagnosis of Sarcocystis neurona
Histopathology
Western Blot
Treatment of Sarcocystis neurona
Antiprotozoals
Prevention of Sarcocystis neurona
Opossum control
Prevent feed contamination
Final host of Neospora spp
Dogs
Intermediate host of Neospora spp
Dogs, Cattle, White Tailed Deer
Neospora spp is distributed __________.
Neospora spp is distributed worldwide.
___________ have spherical oocysts, colorless, thin, smooth outer wall up to 12 um
Neospora spp have spherical oocysts, colorless, thin, smooth outer wall up to 12 um
Life Cycle of Neospora spp
Final host gametogony in intestine
Unsporulated oocysts in feces
Sporulation occurs outside the host
Sporulated oocyst ingested by IH, encyst in intestine
Sporozoites penetrate intestine
Tachyzoites formed within cells when cell ruptures tachyzoite infect other cell
Can cross placenta
Cyst containing bradyzoites found in neural cells
Most infections of _____________ in cattle and dogs occur transplacentally.
Most infections of Neospora spp in cattle and dogs occur transplacentally.
__________ are intracellular parasites. In the final host infect epithelial or other intestinal cells, in the IH have a predilection site for the CNS.
Neospora spp are intracellular parasites. In the final host infect epithelial or other intestinal cells, in the IH have a predilection site for the CNS.
Abortion at three months to term is the only clinical sign of ____________ in dairy and beef cattle.
Abortion at three months to term is the only clinical sign of Neospora spp in dairy and beef cattle.
____________ is the major cause of abortion in dairy cows globally.
Neospora spp is the major cause of abortion in dairy cows globally.
Diagnosis of Neospora spp
Serological test
Necropsy
Prevention of Neospora spp
Hygiene
Protect water and feed from contamination
Dispose of aborted fetuses
Vaccination for pregnanat cows during 1st trimester
Neospora spp
Hosts of Cryptosporidium spp
Wide range of vertebrates serve as hosts
Cross-infection among host species common
Cryptosporidium spp is distributed ____________.
Cryptosporidium spp is distributed worldwide.
_____________ oocysts are 4-8um, colorless, transparent and small. Each oocyst contains 4 sporozoites
Cryptosporidium spp oocysts are 4-8um, colorless, transparent and small. Each oocyst contains 4 sporozoites
Life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp
Transmission direct
Sporulated oocysts passed in feces
Autoinfection occurs
Ingestion or inhalation of sporulated oocysts
Sporozoites are released and infect the epithelium of the digestive or respiratory tract
Stages are small and located at microvillar surface of epithelial cells
_______________ infects epithelial cells of digestive and respiratory tracts
Cryptosporidium spp infects epithelial cells of digestive and respiratory tracts
_______________ clinical signs may be unapparent. Diarrhea may occur. Immunocompromised patients may develop a life threatening hyperinfective form
Cryptosporidium spp clinical signs may be unapparent. Diarrhea may occur. Immunocompromised patients may develop a life threatening hyperinfective form
Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp
Stained Fecal Smear
Fecal Float with Sugar
ELISA
Prevention of Cryptosporidium spp
Water filters to prevent transmission
Cryptosporidium spp
Host of Hepatozoon spp
Dogs
Hepatozoon spp is distributed ___________.
Hepatozoon spp is distributed throughout America.
_______________ identified by gamonts in blood cells of peripheral blood. Leukocytes in blood contain parasites.
Hepatozoon spp identified by gamonts in blood cells of peripheral blood. Leukocytes in blood contain parasites.
Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast Tick) and Rhipicephalus sanguienus are vectors that transmit __________________.
Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast Tick) and Rhipicephalus sanguienus are vectors that transmit Hepatozoon spp.
Life cycle of Hepatozoon spp.
Dog infected by ingesting tick
Sporozoites are released and transported to target tissues and organs
Schizonts formed
Parasitic organisms are found in WBC
Tick infected by ingesting WBC
Sexual reproduction occur in gut of tick
Production of oocysts containing infective sporozoites
_____________ infects white blood cells.
Hepatozoon spp infects white blood cells.
Hepatozoon ________ causes subclinical infection. Hepatozoon _________ causes severe disease, marked neutrophilic leukocytosis, joint pain associated with myositis and periosteal bone proliferation.
Hepatozoon **canis **causes subclinical infection. Hepatozoon americanum causes severe disease, marked neutrophilic leukocytosis, joint pain associated with myositis and periosteal bone proliferation.
Diagnosis of Hepatozoon spp
Biopsy
Necropsy
Prevention of Hepatozoon spp
Tick control
Treatment of Hepatozoon spp
Antiprotozoals used, but have failed to prevent relapse
Hepatozoon spp
Babesia spp causes ____________ and _____________.
Babesia spp causes Canine babesiosis and Canine piroplasmosis.
______________ trophozoites in RBC are round, ovoid, elongate, amoeboid, pyriform, club-shaped, in pairs or tetrads and measure 5um.
Babesia spp trophozoites in RBC are round, ovoid, elongate, amoeboid, pyriform, club-shaped, in pairs or tetrads and measure 5um.
Life cycle of Babesia spp
Dog inoculated by tick vector
Sporozoites enter the bloodstream of the dog and multiply by schizogony in RBC
Cell rupture and new organisms penetrate new cells
Tick infected by ingesting RBC
Tick gut generation of schizogny results in vermicules
Vermicules infect tick eggs in female tick which contiue to multiple and infect tick larvae
Small pyriform bodies in the salivary cells forming sporozoites
Life cycle of Babesia spp takes __________.
Life cycle of Babesia spp takes ** 7 days**.
___________ infects erythrocytes
Babesia spp infects erythrocytes
Erythrocyte destruction caused by ___________ leads to depression, anorexia, anemia and splenomegaly.
Erythrocyte destruction caused by Babesia spp leads to depression, anorexia, anemia and splenomegaly.
Diagnosis of Babesia spp
Blood Smear using Giemsa Stain
Serology
Treatment of Babesia spp
Antiprotozoals (Not approved in USA)
Prevention of Babesia spp
Control of Ticks
Babesia bigemina causes ____________, _____________ or ______________.
Babesia bigemina causes Bovine piroplasmosis, bovine babesiosis or Texas Cattle Fever.
Host of Babesia bigemina
Bovine
Distribution of Babesia bigemina is throughout _____________, ___________, _________ and _______________.
Distribution of Babesia bigemina is throughout America, _**South Europe, ** **Africa **and Australia.
_____________ trophozoites in RBC, apple-seed like, singly, in pairs or multiples and measure 2.5-5um
Babesia bigemina trophozoites in RBC, apple-seed like, singly, in pairs or multiples and measure 2.5-5um
Destruction of the red blood cells by ___________ gives rise to chronic cases with intermittent fever, anemia, emaciation, edema, icterus.
Destruction of the red blood cells by Babesia bigemina gives rise to chronic cases with intermittent fever, anemia, emaciation, edema, icterus.
Older animals are ___________ susceptible to Babesia bigemina than younger animals.
Older animals are more susceptible to Babesia bigemina than younger animals.
Diagnosis of Babesia bigeminia
Blood Smear using Giemsa or Wrights Stain
Serology
Treatement of Babesia bigemina
Antiprotozoal remedies
Prevetion of Babesia bigemina
Tick control
Hosts of Theileria (Cytauxzoon) spp.
Cats
Theileria spp is distributed throughout _____________.
Theileria spp is distributed throughout America.
_____________ small organisms 1-2um in redblood cells.
**Theileria spp **small organisms 1-2um in redblood cells.
Life Cycle of Theileria spp
Poorly described
A. americanum transmits the organims
Schizonts found in leukocytes, erythroblasts, macrophates and other host cells
Release merozoites
Merozoites invade erythrocytes
Occurs in reticuloendothelial cells
______________ schizonts cause an enlargement of infected cells. Occlusion of the lumen of blood vessels and sinusoides in organs.
Theileria spp schizonts cause an enlargement of infected cells. Occlusion of the lumen of blood vessels and sinusoides in organs.
Clinical signs of __________ include pyrexia, anemia, icterus and dehdryation. Animals die 9-15 days after infection.
Clinical signs of Theileria spp include pyrexia, anemia, icterus and dehdryation. Animals die 9-15 days after infection.
Diagnosis of Theileria spp
Blood smear stained with Wrights stain or Giemsa
Theileria spp
Host of Leucocytozoon spp
Avian
Vectors of Leucocytozoon
Blackflies and Biting midges
______________ are spherical to ovoid to spindle-shaped masses containing 1-4 elongated, deeply stained structures.
Leucocytozoon spp are spherical to ovoid to spindle-shaped masses containing 1-4 elongated, deeply stained structures.
Life cycle of Leucocytozoon spp
Bird infected when bitten by blackflies and biting midges
Sporozoites enter the hepatocytes
First generation schizonts develop
Subsequent generations of schizonts develop in brain, heart, lung, liver, gizzard, intetine and lymphoid tissue
Schizonts develop possibly in lymphoid or macrophage cells
Megaloschizonts develop to merozoites
Schizonts rupture and the merozoites are released into the blood
Merozoites enter lymphocytes, monocytes, and erthryocytes forming micro and macrogametocytes
Fertilzation occurs int he vector, sporozoites pass to salivary gland
__________ in young animals the morbidity and mortality may be high. Recovering birds become life long carriers.
Leucocytozoon spp in young animals the morbidity and mortality may be high. Recovering birds become life long carriers.
Acute infection of __________ results in listlessness, anorectic, anemic and have labored breathing. CNS symptoms may be seen before death.
Acute infection of Leucocytozoon spp results in listlessness, anorectic, anemic and have labored breathing. CNS symptoms may be seen before death.
Diagnosis of Leucocytozoon spp
Blood smear
Treatment of Leucocytozoan spp
Antiprotozoal remedies
Prevention of Leucocytozoon spp
Vaccine
Repell vectors
Leucocytozoon spp.
