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Germany 1918-89 > Treaty Of Versailles + Weimar Constitution > Flashcards

Treaty Of Versailles + Weimar Constitution Flashcards

1
Q

What were the results of the Weimar Republic’s first ever elections for a National Assembly?

A
  • 82.7% of electors voted
  • No overall majority
  • SPD most seats = 165
  • Centre party = 95
  • DDP = 75
  • Coalition government formed between SPD, centre party and DDP
  • Ebert as President
  • Scheidemann as chancellor
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2
Q

When were the first elections of the Weimar Republic?

A

19th January 1919

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3
Q

When and where was the first meeting of the new National Assembly?

A

6th of February 1919 in Weimar (due to tension in Berlin)

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4
Q

What creates long-term sourness and a legacy of bitterness between the SPD and KPD?

A

The SPD government’s continual use of the Freikorps, Reichswehr and unnecessary brutality to crush left-wing uprisings

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5
Q

What happened just before the signing of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

90 minutes before the signing of the document (28th of June 1919) the German naval fleet scuppered and sank their own ships in protest

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6
Q

What date was the treaty of Versailles signed?

A

28th of June 1919

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7
Q

Who represented each country at the Paris Peace Conference?

A 
USA= President Woodrow Wilson
Britain = PM David Lloyd-George
France = President Georges Clemenceau 
Italy = Vittorio Orlando
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8
Q

What was the USA’s main aim at the Paris Peace Conference 1919?

A

A peaceful Europe

—> Wilson’s 14 points (eg. National self determination)

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9
Q

What were Wilson’s 14 points?

A

His statement of principles for peace

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10
Q

What does national self-determination mean?

A

People being free to chose their which country their state resides in

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11
Q

What was France’s main aim at the Paris Peace Conference 1919?

A

To ensure security from a possible future attack from Germany, revenge/compensation?
—> hostile after Germans were in French territory for 4 years

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12
Q

What was Britain’s main aim at the Paris Peace Conference 1919?

A

To avoid making France the ost powerful country in mainland Europe
—> maintain a somewhat balance of power
ALSO, large desire for revenge across Britain

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13
Q

Why did Germany sign the Treaty of Versailles?

A

General Groener confirmed that there were no alternatives, as the German army was not strong enough to defend an invasion if it refused to sign the treaty

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14
Q

How did Germany feel about the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • had hoped for better terms as both sides were of equal strength throughout the war, Germany hadn’t been invaded or given up
  • Scheidemann’s government resigned in protest before the signing
  • outrage across Germany
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15
Q

Who replaced Scheidemann’s government in 1919?

A

Gustav Bauer (SPD in coalition with many others)

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16
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles pertaining to German land?

A
  • Eupen and Malmedy given to Belgium
  • Alsace-Lorraine given to France
  • the Saar put under Leage of Nations control until 1935 and all coal given to France
  • Rhineland demilitarised and occupied by allied troops for 15 years
  • massive corridor to Danzig given to Poland (as a buffer against Communist russia and for Polish access to the Baltic Sea)
  • loss of part of Prussia was of massive historic and symbolic importance for Germany
  • east Prussia completely cut off from the rest of Germany
  • Anschluß (union with Austria) forbidden
17
Q

How much land and population was lost as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

13% of German territory lost and 12% (6.5 mil) population

18
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles pertaining to the military?

A

-German army reduced to 100,000 men
-German navy reduced to 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers and no submarines
-to be no German airforce or military aircrafts
—>Freikorps =loophole, unofficial army

19
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles pertaining to German colonies?

A

Entire German empire was lost by mandates
—> German East Africa taken by the British
—> German South-West Africa given to South Africa

20
Q

What was the German war guilt clause?

A

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles; Germany is fully responsible for WWI

21
Q

What was Article 232 of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

The reparations clause
—> admits that Germany cannot pay for the total cost of the war
—> reparations to be set by the Inter-Allied Reparations Committee

22
Q

What reparations were set initially in 1919, while the Inter-Allied Reparations Committee worked?

A

Germany had to;

  • hand over all merchant ships over 1600 tons, half of those weighing 800-1600 tons, a quarter of its fishing fleet
  • pay for the allied army occupying the Rhineland
  • build 200,000 tons of shipping a year for the allies
23
Q

When was the Weimar Constitution passed by the National Assembly?

A

31st of July 1919

24
Q

What were the main faults in the Weimar constitution?

A
  • Article 48; gave the President emergency powers (could make laws without consulting the Reichstag)
  • Article 104; Judges ruled for life and were difficult to remove (most judges were appointed by the Kaiser and therefore were anti-republic, started to undermine the republic in their rulings)
  • Article 129; protected civil servants and officials, making them difficult to remove
  • Proportional representation (allowed small, extremist parties to enter the Reichstag, constant instability in government and reliance on coalitions)
25
Q

What is proportional representation?

A

Where the number of votes a party receives is directly proportional to its number of seats in government

26
Q

Dawes Plan

A

1924

  • Charles Dawes = American banker
  • Germany’s total liability remained
  • repayments geared towards Germany’s economic capacity
  • first five years Germany pay on a sliding scale £50-125 mil, then based on a prosperity index
  • loan £40mil to Germany to help new currency
  • some immediate foreign troop withdrawal
  • the Ruhr evacuated in Aug 1925 by French + Belgian troops
27
Q

Advantages of the Dawes plan

A
  • Realistic plan that found a solution to Germany’s reparations problem
  • Germany would paya slowly increasing amount as its economy strengthened
  • supported by the DNVP as it was good for businesses
28
Q

How did the German public feel about the Dawes plan?

A

-despised it as it reaffirmed German war guilt

—>SPD lost a lot of support and seats in 1924

29
Q

The Young Plan

A

1929

  • agree to pay reparations until 1988
  • first 37 years rising level of payments from 1,700mil RM to 2,400mil RM, then a reduced rate for the next 22 years
  • total sum reduced from £6,500 mil in 1921 to £1,850mil
  • withdrawal of French/UK troops from Rhineland by June 1930
30
Q

How did the public react to the Young Plan?

A

V strong opposition

Germany 1918-89 (21 decks)

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