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Germany 1918-89 > Threats To The Weimar Government > Flashcards

Threats To The Weimar Government Flashcards

1
Q

When was the KPD founded and by who?

A

1st January 1919 - KPD/communist party founded by the Spartacists
(Revolutionary, extreme right-wing communists, Marxists, reject democracy)
Led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg

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2
Q

Were the Spartacists popular and how can we tell?

A

December 1918 First Congress of workers and Soldiers Council in Berlin doesn’t allow Liebknicht or Luxembourg to speak
= Spartacists are not very popular and small in number

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3
Q

When does the Spartacists revolt begin and what do they do?

A

5th January 1919 Spartacists take over newspapers offices

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4
Q

How does the government deal with the Spartacists revolt?

A
  • the Government moves to smaller town of Weimar
  • calls upon Freikorps and Horse Guards
  • Spartacists brutally put down
  • Luxemburg and Leibknecht are beaten murdered and their bodies thrown into the canal by the Horse Guard Division
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5
Q

Who were the Freikorps?

A

An informal army of ex soldiers who were highly nationalistic and continued to meet up

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6
Q

Who led the Freikorps in the Spartacists revolt?

A

Walther Von Lüttwitz

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7
Q

What effect does the brutality of the nature by which the Spartacist revolt was put down have?

A

Creates a legacy of bitterness between the SPD (gov) and KPD (Spartacists)

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8
Q

What events triggered the creation of a Soviet republic in Bavaria?

A
  • Kurt Eisner (USPD) was defeated in Bavaria’s January elections
  • Eisner shot on his way to government meeting
  • SPD in Bavaria leaves Munich due to danger
  • belief in an impending world revolution
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9
Q

When was a Soviet republic declared in Bavaria?

A

7th April 1919, by USPD

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10
Q

How does the government deal with the Bavarian Soviet Republic?

A

Bavaria’s SPD government calls upon the Freikorps under Ritter Von Epp who once again suppress the communists very bloodily and brutally

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11
Q

What is White Terror?

A

April 1919, Bavaria when many civilians were shot dead for trivial reasons by the Freikorps (eg being armed)

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12
Q

What triggered the Kapp Putsch?

A

Disbanding of two rigades of te Reichswehr due to the troop reduction terms in the Treaty of Versailles

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13
Q

What was the Reichswehr?

A

The army

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14
Q

Who led the Kapp Putsch?

A

Wolfgang Kapp and Walther Lüttwitz (Freikorps leader)

Supported by Herman Ehrhardt (Freikorps leader) and Eric Ludendorff

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15
Q

What were the events of the Kapp Putsch?

A 
12th March 1920 
—>12,000 troops marched on Berlin
—>Reichswehr refused to fight troops
—>current gov fled to Stuttgart
—>leaders of the Putsch declared a new gov, dissolved National Assembly and proclaimed end to the Weimar Constitution
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16
Q

What put and end to the Kapp Putsch?

A

A general strike demanding and end to the Putsch and an SPD government
= Putsch failed in 3 days

17
Q

What prison sentences were given for the Kapp Putsch?

A
  • Lüttwitz forced into early retirement
  • Kapp died awaiting trial
  • 1 out of 750 people on trial found guilty
  • this 1 person given 5 years in prison
18
Q

What triggered the Ruhr Uprising?

A

It was a response to the Kapp Putsch and right-wing pressure

19
Q

When was the Ruhr Uprising and who was it led by?

A

March 1920, led by the Red Army of the Ruhr (left-wing workers’ revolt)

20
Q

How did the government deal with the Ruhr Uprising?

A

After the collapse of the Kapp Putsch the government sent the Reichswehr and the Freikorps to brutally crush the insurgency
(Around 1,000 workers killed)

21
Q

What famous quote was said about the Reichswehr refusing to shoot at the Kapp Putsch, and by who?

A

General Von Seeckt said “Troops do not fire on troops”

22
Q

Why was the Reichswehr’s response (or lack thereof) in the Kapp Putsch significant?

A
  • it broke the Ebert-Groener pact
  • showed it was loyal to Germany and not Germany’s temporary leaders
  • believed army should be “state within a state”
23
Q

Who led the Reichswehr from 1920-1926?

A

General Hans Von seeckt

—>promoted for putting down the Ruhr uprising efficiently

24
Q

What was March Action?

A

March 1921 - A communist uprising of armed miners on strike in Mansfeld, suppressed by government troops

25
Q

What triggered the Munich/Beer Hall Putsch?

A

The irritation caused by the occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops in Jan 1923

26
Q

Who were the two other significant political figures involved in the Munich Putsch?

A

Gustav Von Kahr = Bavarian, ultra-conservative leader ( hated Weimar Republic, wanted independent Bavaria)
General Von Lossow = supported Von Kahr, very disobedient to Berlin
—> must have worked with Hitler before Putsch despite denying doing so

27
Q

What were the events of the Munich Putsch?

A

8th November 1923
—>Hitler storms rally in a beer cellar which Von Kahr is addressing
—>Hitler steps on top of table and fires gun for attention
—>announces a march on Berlin the next day, so he and Ludendorff can form a new government

28
Q

How does the government répond to the Munich Putsch?

A

Morning of the March on Berlin Von Seeckt commands armed forces to to put down Putsch
—> 14 Nazis killed

29
Q

What prison sentences were given for the Munich Putsch?

A

-Hitler, Ludendorff and others involved tried for treason (carries death penalty)
—> Ludendorff acquitted due to ‘being there by accident’
—> Hitler received minimum 5 year sentence and only serves 9 months in a luxury prison
—> Hitler uses trial to attack the Weimar Republic and express his views = national fame, Nazis become 3rd largest party in Bavaria

30
Q

Why was Weimar’s justice system skewed to the right?

A
  • no reform of judiciary (article 104) or army = right-wing elitists still in power
  • right-wing education system
  • Reichswehr’s right-wing attitude
31
Q

Statistics that prove Weimar’s Justice system’s right-wing skew

A

1919-1922:

  • out of 354 right-wing assassinations, 28 people found guilty, no executions
  • of 22 left-wing assassinations, 10 people sentenced to death
32
Q

Organisations of the extreme right

A
  • DNVP (German national people’s party)
  • racist nationalist groups / völkish (inc Nazis)
  • Freikorps (believed in November criminals, brutality to the left wing uprisings)
  • organisation consul (murdered Matthias Erzberger Aug 1921, Walther Rathenau Jun 1922)

Germany 1918-89 (21 decks)

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