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Germany 1918-89 > Nazi Terror + Holocaust > Flashcards

Nazi Terror + Holocaust Flashcards

1
Q

What law enabled Nazi control of the people?

(4)

A

28th Feb 1933, The Decree for the Protection of the People and State;
- allowed Nazis to ban publications
- suspended civil rights; Nazis could search homes + workplaces, take people into ‘protective custody’ without trial
- –> initially intended as a short term emergency measure but never lifted

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2
Q

What was the struggle for power in the Nazi police?

(5)

A
  • 1932, Von Papen allowed government to take over the running of police in Prussia
  • Frick was Reich Interior Minister; should be in charge of police
  • Göring was the Prussian Interior Minister; in charge of the Prussian police
  • April 1933, Göring created the Gestapo
  • Frick wanted to build a national police force but was undermined by Göring in Prussia
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3
Q

How was the power struggle in the Nazi police resolved?

(5)

A
  • April 1934, Göring appointed Heinrich Himmler as inspector of the Gestapo; largely unimportant, to help Göring in struggle against Frick –> gave Himmler a foothold in state police
  • 1936, Himmler was appointed the head of German Police
    = struggle resolved in Himmler’s favour, not Frick or Göring
  • 1939, Himmler made Reich Commissioner for strengthening German Nationhood = major powers in conquered German territories (Poland)
  • 1943, Himmler replaced Frick as Minister of the Interior
  • 1944, (after July Bomb Plot) Himmler appointed Commander of the Reserve Army (army at home to deal with uprisings)
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4
Q

Police reorganisation

(3)

A
  • 1936, orpo (ordinary police forces) reorganised under Kurt Daluege
  • 1936, sipo (security police) reorganised under Reinhard Heydrich; Kripo (criminal police) + Gestapo
  • 1939, RSHA Reich Security Head Office set up (RSHA); brought together Gestapo, Kripo, SD (part of SS)
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5
Q

What was the SD?

(4)

A
  • party organisation
  • security police
  • part of SS
  • brought together with police in RSHA = fusion of party + state
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6
Q

SS expansion

A
  • 1938, Waffen SS set up; SS’s own armed force, state within a state
  • 1939, Waffen SS has 23,000 soldiers (in 1 year)
  • 1944, Waffen SS has 800,000 soldiers
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7
Q

Who was the target of concentration camps?

(4)

A
  • 1933, intially targetted political prisoners; often released after a year or so unless communists
  • mis 1930s, shift to those who threatened the Völk; Jehova’s witnesses, homosexuals, habitual/petty criminals, asocials
  • 1939, outbreak of war; rearrested those arrested in 1938, gypsies, suspected saboteurs, threats to regime in wartime (many communists + socialists rearrested), work shy people
  • 1941, Operation Barbarossa; increase in Soviet POWs (treated horribly, used for slave labour)
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8
Q

What happened to Jews after Kristallnacht?

A

1938, large number of Jews arrested and released immediately after

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9
Q

How did the outbreak of WWII impact concentration camps?

(3)

A
  • executions began; before some deaths due to overcrowding, but prisoners weren’t executed
  • many new camps set up; eg. Auschwitz set up in 1940
  • 1935-1941, 10 fold increase in number of arrests
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10
Q

How were concentration camps run?

(4)

A
  • run by SS
  • inmates exploited for slave labour (eg. 1941, Auschwitz prisoners used by IG Farben to make rubber)
  • 1942, at Wannsee Conference camps split into 2; economic + extermination aims (unofficially began before)
  • high mortality rate in non-death camps
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11
Q

What happened to the population of concentration camps after the Wannsee Conference?

A
  • 1942, wannsee Conference; found official solution to the ‘problem of the Jews’ = exterminsation
  • –> massive increase in population of camps
  • end of 1942; 88,000 inmates
  • Aug 1943; 224,000 inmates
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12
Q

Origins of Hitler’s racist ideas

(3)

A
  • Social Darwinism; popular pseudoscience, struggle between races, Aryans as the ‘master race’
  • stab in the back myth; idea that Germany was stabbed in the back during WWI by communists & Jews –> poisonous link between Judaism and communism (Trotsky, Zinoviev)
  • Blood Libel; myth that Jews killed young Christian boys to drink their blood
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13
Q

Early Nazi discrimination against Jews

(4)

A
  • 1st April 1933, boycott of Jewish shops; not very popular, result of post-election SA violence, calmed down SA
  • 7th April 1933, Jews banned from civil service
  • soon ban was extended to other professions (doctors, journalists, lawyers, some exceptions made for Jewish doctors who had served in WWI)
  • 1933, Law against the overcrowding of schools; limited number of Jewish students to less than 1.5% –> little effect as overall population of Jews was <1%, local initiatives’ response to pressure from extremist Nazis
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14
Q

Nuremburg Laws

(3)

A

September 1935, at Nuremburg Rally Hitler announced;
- Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour; forbade mixed marriages and sex between Aryans and Jews
- Reich Citizenship Law; deprived Jews of German citizenship + right to vote
- Law for the Protection of the Genetic Health of the German People; needed medical examination + health certificate before marriage, medical centres to be set up to measure whether people were Aryan

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15
Q

What was the attitude towards Jews in 1936?

(2)

A
  • 1936 Berlin hosted Olympics = international focus on Germany; regime discouraged open attacks on Jews but attacks on a local level continued
  • 1936 was a key year for the German economy; regime decided to try and avoid global condamnation and economic sanctions
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16
Q

What was the attitude towards Jews in 1937?

(3)

A
  • 1937, German economy had improved as gearing up for war = persecution of Jews intensifies
  • Sept 1937, Hitler fiercely attacked Jews at the Nuremburg rallies
  • Schacht resigned; critical of anti-Jewish economic measures
17
Q

How did Anschluß affect the treatment of Jews?

(3)

A

March 1938, Anschluß with Austria;
- large Jewish population in Vienna = Nazis became more drastic
- Central Office for Jewish Emmigration based in Vienna; Heydrich + Eichmann, forced many Viennese Jews to leave Austria
- –> replicated for whole reich in less than a year; Jan 1939, Reich Central Office for Jewish Emmigration set up

18
Q

What were the causes of Kristallnacht?

(3)

A
  • officially triggered by the murder of German diplomat, Ernst Von Rath by Jewish teen in Paris, Nov 1938
  • in reality Göbbels had an affair with a Czech actress and had fallen out of favour with Hitler = personal advancement
  • Stormtroopers (SA) growing bored of rallies
19
Q

What happened at Kristallnacht?

(4)

A

November 1938;
- Jewish homes, shops, synagogues attacked
- 100 Jews murdered
- 20,000 Jews subsequently sent to concentration camps but shortly released
- Jews fined 1 billion RM for the damages caused

20
Q

Decrees against Jews passed in 1938

(5)

A
  • Jewish professionals banned from having Aryan patients/clients
  • Jews to add Sarah or Israel to their names
  • identity cards of Jews to be stamped with a J
  • Jews banned from trades, shops, businesses
  • Jews excluded from schools, universities, cinemas, sports facilities

(attack on Jewish economic life)

21
Q

How did the outbreak of war (invaasion of Poland 1939) affect the treatment of Jews?

(5)

A
  • 1st Sept 1939, invasion of Poland; tightening of restrictions on Jews
  • German Jews placed under curfew + radios confiscated
  • Heydrich ordered movement of Jews to areas near railway junctions; to be transported easily
  • 3 mil Jews in Poland = more extreme policies
  • –> Polish Jews moved to ghettos
22
Q

Einsatzgruppen

(4)

A
  • special task forces of the security police (killing squads)
  • operated in German occupied territories
  • main task = to shoot hostile elements, particularly Jews and communists
  • 1939-1943, shot over 2 mil civilians; 1.5 mil Jews
23
Q

How did war generally affect Jews?

(4)

A
  • brutalisation; people accepted killings more openly
  • public opinion decreased in importance
  • increased number of Jews because of newly conquered territory
  • foreign opinion did not matter any longer
24
Q

Policies against Jews after the outbreak of war

post 1939 (7)

A
  • 1939, Himmler ordered Jews to be removed from north-west Poland to southern areas
  • ration books of Jews stamped with a J; denied access to certain good (eg. leather)
  • 1940, Heydrich planned to transport 1/2 mil Jews to Madagascar; Hitler very keen, logistically unfeasible due to war
  • mid 1941, decision to embark on ‘final solution’ announced by Göring
  • Sept 1941, all Jews forced to wear a star of David
  • Oct 1941, emmigration banned; mass deportation of German Jews to the east begun
  • Jan 1942, Wannsee Conference; final solution planned, chaired by Heydrich
25
Q

How did the German invasion of the USSR affect the treatment of Jews?

(2)

A

June 1941, embarked upon Operation Barbarossa;
- Einsatzgruppen permitted to kill any suspected enemies
- within 8 months, 700,000 Jews killed

26
Q

extermination camps

listed (6)

A
  • Belzec
  • Chelmno
  • Treblinka
  • Sobibor
  • Majdanek
  • Auschwitz
    –> Nazis went to great lengths to hide their actions; in Treblinka buried bodies were dug up and burnt to hide evidence
27
Q

How were asocials targeted?

(1)

A
  • made to wear black triangles in concentration camps
28
Q

How were homosexuals targeted?

(4)

A
  • 1936, The Reich Central Office for the Combatting of Homosexuality and Abortion created
  • 1937, Himmler tried to place all gay members of the SA in concentration camps, some shot for trying to escape
  • made to wear pink triangles
  • many used for experiments
    (most hostility towards gays, not lesbians)
29
Q

How were gypsies targeted?

(2)

A
  • also sent to ghettos (5,000)
  • 1/2 million killed by the end of the regime
30
Q

How were the mentally ill targeted?

(2)

A
  • Jul 1933, law for the compulsory sterilisation of the mentally ill
  • 1940-1941, 70,000 mentally ill people were gassed
31
Q

How were the disabled targeted?

(3)

A
  • Sept 1939, T4 euthanasia programme began for disabled children
  • 1941 programme publically ended, yet continued in secret
  • by 1944, 200,000 disabled children killed
32
Q

Sterlisation

(5)

A
  • 1st Jan 1934, compulsory sterilisation programme began for all deemed ‘unfit’ to breed; hereditary defects, Jews, gypsies, criminals, black people, mixed race people
  • June 1935, law widened to allow for the aboortion of the unfit
  • publicised; press, public meetings, taught in schools
  • 1934-1945, 400,000 people sterilised, almost all against their will
  • at least 5,000 died from procedure (mostly women)

Germany 1918-89 (21 decks)

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