Traumatic CNS Injury and Repair Flashcards
The 3 types of focal intracranial lesions are:
contusion, hematoma/hemorrhage, herniation syndromes
The 2 types of diffuse intracranial lesions are:
diffuse axonal injury (DAI), concussion
The 3 types of post-traumatic sequelae are:
pneumocephalus, post-concussion syndrome (PCS), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
The 3 cellular events in general associated with axotomy are:
proximal stump, distal stump, transneuronal events
cervial spinal cord injuries are referred to as _________
tetraplegia
spinal cord injuries below T1 are __________
paraplegias
A grade A spinal cord injury is ________ with ___________
complete, no motor or sensory function below the lesion
A grade C spinal cord injury is __________ with ___________
incomplete, some motor strength
_____ is the leading cause of death for individuals younger than 45 years old, more than 50% are due to ________
trauma, TBI
All types of TBI involve __________
loss of consciousness
TBI injuries are always _________ and are considered _______ injuries
multifactorial, complex
A Glassgow coma scale is a way to classify _______
TBI
A glassgow coma number ______ is a severe TBI
<7
A glassgow coma number >12 is considered a ___________
mild TBI (good prognosis)
The __________ is not designed to test focal neurological deficits
Glassgow coma scale (GCS)
A __________ involves the skull moving faster than the brain causing the brain to strike the brain
closed head TBI
A _________ involves coup-countercoup, contusions, hemorrhage, and axonal sheering
closed head TBI
A ___________ involves cavitation stretches, vasculature and axons, and compression of neurons and glia
penetrating TBI
A 1 degree blast TBI involves __________, __________, and _________
pressure passes through the brain, stretching axons, and compression of neurons and glia
______ is easy to miss on CT scan
basal skull fracture
occult signs of basal skull fracture are _________, ________, and __________
leakage of CSF (otorrhea, rhinorhea), signs of cranial nerve damage (esp. I, VII, VIII), characteristic accumulations of blood
The 2 types of characteristic accumulations of blood in basal skull fracture are:
postauricular ecchymosis (Battle’s sign), periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes)
The following cranial nerves are the most vulnerable in basal skull fractures:
I, VII, and VIII
A patient fractures her frontal bone, she experiences _________ and ___________, which are signs due to damage to ____
anosmia, apparent loss of taste (actually loss of flavor associated with CN I), CN I
A patient has either a transverse or longitudinal fracture of the petrous bone which affects ______ and ______.
He experiences ___________, __________, __________, and _________
CN VII, VIII, ipsilateral facial palsy typically permanent (unless surgical anastamosis of transected ends), ipsilateral deafness, postural vertigo, nystagmus
A ___________ is almost always accompanied by cortical contusions and surrounding edema
focal intracranial lesion
A ________ is an injury that results in hemorrhagic necrosis of brain tissue
contusion
A _______ injury produces mainly coup lesions
frontal
A ________ injury produces mainly countercoup lesions
occipital injury
Blows to the side of the head produce ______, ________, or both types of lesions
coup, countercoup
Most commonly injured areas in a contusion are _______ and ___________
orbitofrontal lobe, temporal lobe