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Neuroanatomy Rewind Unit III > Sleep Consciousness and Attention > Flashcards

Sleep Consciousness and Attention Flashcards

1
Q

Memory consolidation occurs during _________

A

sleep

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2
Q

The spring transition in daylight savings time system is associated with __________

A

higher incidence of MI

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3
Q

In humans, sleep deprivation induces ______________, __________ and ______________

A

impaired memory and cognitive abilities, mood swings, hallucinations

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4
Q

fatal familial insomnia is an inherited ____________ caused by a mutation in the __________ gene.
It causes death within 1-3 years

A

prion disease, PRNP gene

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5
Q

Less time is spent in __________ as people age

A

REM sleep

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6
Q

Some migratory animals are able to swim endlessly and do not need to stop to sleep, this is because they are able to engage in ___________

A

unihemispheric sleep

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7
Q

Dawn effect:

A

cortisol levels peak in the morning

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8
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives input from the _____________ and activates the ____________ which activates the ______________

A

ipRGC’s (photosensitive RGCs), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), pineal gland (via sympathetic stimulation)

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9
Q

The __________ synthesizes melatonin

A

pineal gland

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10
Q

The drive to sleep is dependent on these 2 components:

A

circadian rhythm, time since last full sleep

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11
Q

The _______ is the master clock of the circadian rhythm but it does not initiate sleep or arousal

A

SCN

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12
Q

Stage I of sleep is littered with ___________ and characteristic ________ waves

A

hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations, theta

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13
Q

Stage II (NREM 2) of sleep is riddled with _______ waves and ___________

A

theta waves, sleep spindles

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14
Q

_______ of sleep has characteristic delta waves

A

Stage III (NREM 3)

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15
Q

Stages III and IV (NREM 3 and 4) both share this common characteristic: _________
Together they are classified as ______________

A

delta waves, slow-wave sleep (SWS)

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16
Q

REM sleep can be characterized by ___________

A

alpha and beta waves

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17
Q

In a typical 8-hour sleep cycle most people experience ___ periods of REM sleep

A

5

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18
Q

Duration of _________ increases throughout the night

A

REM sleep

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19
Q

______ and _______ are at waking levels during REM sleep

A

pulse and respiration

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20
Q

The _______ is necessary for maintaining an alert waking state

A

ARAS

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21
Q

ARAS is necessary for __________ an alert waking state

A

maintaining

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22
Q

The ________________, dorsal and median raphe nuclei (serotonergic), and ________________ nuclei are all reticular/raphe nuclei involved in the ARAS system

A

locus ceruleus (noradrenergic), pedunculopontine reticular nuclei

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23
Q

Locus ceruleus contains __________ neurons, while the dorsal and median raphe nuclei are _________ nuerons

A

noradrenergic, serotonergic

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24
Q

The ___________ are the source of cholinergic projections in ARAS and also contain ___________________ which ____________

A

pedunculopontine nuclei, subpopulation of REM-on neurons, initiate REM sleep

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25
Q

The ___________ are the originators of ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves

A

pedunculopontine nuclei

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26
Q

The _________________ have a subpopulation of REM-off neurons which initiate non-REM sleep.

A

dorsal and median raphe nuclei

27
Q

The ___________ and ____________ both have subpopulations of REM-off neurons which initiate non-REM sleep

A

dorsal and median raphe nuclei, locus ceruleus

28
Q

The _____________ produce orexin (hypocretin) which stimulate _______________. These nuclei are suppressed during slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM

A

lateral hypothalamic nuclei, tuberomammillary nuclei

29
Q

The ___________ are suppressed during SWS and REM

A

lateral hypothalamic nuclei

30
Q

The ___________ are a source of histaminergic neurons which are stimulated by orexin-producing neurons of the lateral hypothalamic nuclei

A

tuberomammillary nuclei

31
Q

The ___________ and the ____________ are suppressed during slow-wave sleep (SWS) and REM

A

lateral hypothalamic nuclei, tuberomammillary nuclei

32
Q

The ______________ are GABA-ergic and inactive during wakefulness

A

ventrolateral preoptic nuclei

33
Q

The __________ initiate the sleep cycle by __________________

A

ventrolateral preoptic nuclei, supressing the ARAS and TMN

34
Q

The ARAS uses neurons that utilize ______, _______, and _______ as their neurotransmitters

A

ACh, 5HT, NE

35
Q

The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) initiates sleep by inhibiting ________, _________, and __________

A

ARAS, TMN, lateral hypothalamic area (LHA)

36
Q

_________ is sudden loss of muscle tone seen in narcolepsy

A

cataplexy

37
Q

Human narcolepsy can be caused by autoimmune destruction of __________ in the __________

A

orexin-producing neurons, lateral hypothalamic nuclei

38
Q

The ________ initiates sleep, while the _________ controls circadian rhythm

A

VLPO, SCN

39
Q

__________ originate from the PPN and propagate through the LGN to the visual association cortex as part of dreaming

A

ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves

40
Q

The ___________ hypothesis estimates that the PPN is responsible for producing ____________ which are responsible for dream imagery

A

activation-synthesis hypothesis, PGO waves

41
Q

Dreaming that occurs near the onset of sleep is called ___________ while dreaming that occurs just prior to waking is called _________

A

hypnagogic, hypnopompic

42
Q

The ____________ is derived from the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming and states that PGO waves activate semi-random cerebral circuits which the brain treats as exogenous and synthesizes a narrative to explain these waves.

A

physiological theory of dreams

43
Q

The physiological theory of dreams (activation-synthesis hypothesis) theorizes that ____________

A

dreams originate as a result of PGO waves being interpreted by the brain

44
Q

The ___________ coupled with _____________ explains the emotionality of REM dreams and their illogical content

A

increase in limbic activity, suppression of the dlPFC

45
Q

The ________ and the _________ are inactivated during sleep while the ____________, ____________, and ___________ of the limbic system are activated.

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), posterior cingulate cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus

46
Q

Inhibition of ____________ produces diminished somatosensation

A

posterior column nuclei

47
Q

REM behavior disorder occurs when REM atonia is not initiated by the inhibition of _______

A

LMNs

48
Q

A lesion to the ARAS will produce:

A

coma

49
Q

The ________ and most of the ________ are not affected in coma

A

cerebellum, brainstem (aside from the pontine tegmentum)

50
Q

People in a _____________ can open their eyes spontaneously or with stimulation and exhibit primitive orienting responses and circadian rhythms

A

vegetative state

51
Q

The __________, __________, and __________ are not affected in a person in a vegetative state

A

diencephalon, upper brainstem, cerebellum

52
Q

A person in a _____________ has variable impairment of the ARAS and cerebral cortex

A

minimally conscious state

53
Q

_________, ________, and _________ are disorders of profound apathy that can resemble coma or vegetative state

A

akinetic mutism, abulia, catatonia

54
Q

_________ is associated with damage to the anterior cingulate cortex

A

akinetic mutism

55
Q

Binocular rivalry is regulated to activity of neurons in the __________

A

visual association cortex

56
Q

The ___________ becomes active when perception shifts to faces, while as the ___________ becomes active when perception shifts to objects

A

fusiform face area (FFA), parahippocampal area (PPA)

57
Q

Activation of _______ and ___________ are associated with shifts in perception for a variety of visual rivalry tasks.

A

dlPFC, parietal association cortex

58
Q

a person is unable to focus on one object at a time but has no visual deficits or issues with motor coordination of the eyes. She must have a deficit of _______________

A

selective attention

59
Q

_______ can be used to determine early selection vs. late selection (late selection is generally believed to be representative of sustained attention)

A

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

60
Q

________ are described by polarities and time/sequence together on a graph. For example, N1 is the first large negative polarity wave, P200 is a positive polarity wave 200ms after N1)

A

Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)

61
Q

The _______________ describes the phenomenon where subjects accurately remember the audio they pay attention to in their environment but not the audio they do not attend to, but still manage to notice when their name is mentioned even in the unattended audio stream

A

cocktail party effect

62
Q

Pedunculopontine nucleus is filled with bodies of __________ neurons, is part of the ________, but also initiates ____________

A

cholinergic, ARAS, REM sleep

63
Q

The Raphe nuclei and the locus ceruleus are filled with bodies of __________ and __________ neurons respectively, are part of the ________ as well as the _________, but also both initiate _____________

A

serotonergic, noradrenergic, ARAS, limbic loop, non-REM sleep

64
Q

The VLPO initiates sleep by inhibiting the ___________ and the ___________

A

tuberomamillary nucleus (histamine), lateral hypothalamic area (orexin)

Neuroanatomy Rewind Unit III (9 decks)

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