Sleep Consciousness and Attention Flashcards
Memory consolidation occurs during _________
sleep
The spring transition in daylight savings time system is associated with __________
higher incidence of MI
In humans, sleep deprivation induces ______________, __________ and ______________
impaired memory and cognitive abilities, mood swings, hallucinations
fatal familial insomnia is an inherited ____________ caused by a mutation in the __________ gene.
It causes death within 1-3 years
prion disease, PRNP gene
Less time is spent in __________ as people age
REM sleep
Some migratory animals are able to swim endlessly and do not need to stop to sleep, this is because they are able to engage in ___________
unihemispheric sleep
Dawn effect:
cortisol levels peak in the morning
The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives input from the _____________ and activates the ____________ which activates the ______________
ipRGC’s (photosensitive RGCs), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), pineal gland (via sympathetic stimulation)
The __________ synthesizes melatonin
pineal gland
The drive to sleep is dependent on these 2 components:
circadian rhythm, time since last full sleep
The _______ is the master clock of the circadian rhythm but it does not initiate sleep or arousal
SCN
Stage I of sleep is littered with ___________ and characteristic ________ waves
hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations, theta
Stage II (NREM 2) of sleep is riddled with _______ waves and ___________
theta waves, sleep spindles
_______ of sleep has characteristic delta waves
Stage III (NREM 3)
Stages III and IV (NREM 3 and 4) both share this common characteristic: _________
Together they are classified as ______________
delta waves, slow-wave sleep (SWS)
REM sleep can be characterized by ___________
alpha and beta waves
In a typical 8-hour sleep cycle most people experience ___ periods of REM sleep
5
Duration of _________ increases throughout the night
REM sleep
______ and _______ are at waking levels during REM sleep
pulse and respiration
The _______ is necessary for maintaining an alert waking state
ARAS
ARAS is necessary for __________ an alert waking state
maintaining
The ________________, dorsal and median raphe nuclei (serotonergic), and ________________ nuclei are all reticular/raphe nuclei involved in the ARAS system
locus ceruleus (noradrenergic), pedunculopontine reticular nuclei
Locus ceruleus contains __________ neurons, while the dorsal and median raphe nuclei are _________ nuerons
noradrenergic, serotonergic
The ___________ are the source of cholinergic projections in ARAS and also contain ___________________ which ____________
pedunculopontine nuclei, subpopulation of REM-on neurons, initiate REM sleep
The ___________ are the originators of ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves
pedunculopontine nuclei
The _________________ have a subpopulation of REM-off neurons which initiate non-REM sleep.
dorsal and median raphe nuclei
The ___________ and ____________ both have subpopulations of REM-off neurons which initiate non-REM sleep
dorsal and median raphe nuclei, locus ceruleus
The _____________ produce orexin (hypocretin) which stimulate _______________. These nuclei are suppressed during slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM
lateral hypothalamic nuclei, tuberomammillary nuclei
The ___________ are suppressed during SWS and REM
lateral hypothalamic nuclei
The ___________ are a source of histaminergic neurons which are stimulated by orexin-producing neurons of the lateral hypothalamic nuclei
tuberomammillary nuclei
The ___________ and the ____________ are suppressed during slow-wave sleep (SWS) and REM
lateral hypothalamic nuclei, tuberomammillary nuclei
The ______________ are GABA-ergic and inactive during wakefulness
ventrolateral preoptic nuclei
The __________ initiate the sleep cycle by __________________
ventrolateral preoptic nuclei, supressing the ARAS and TMN
The ARAS uses neurons that utilize ______, _______, and _______ as their neurotransmitters
ACh, 5HT, NE
The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) initiates sleep by inhibiting ________, _________, and __________
ARAS, TMN, lateral hypothalamic area (LHA)
_________ is sudden loss of muscle tone seen in narcolepsy
cataplexy
Human narcolepsy can be caused by autoimmune destruction of __________ in the __________
orexin-producing neurons, lateral hypothalamic nuclei
The ________ initiates sleep, while the _________ controls circadian rhythm
VLPO, SCN
__________ originate from the PPN and propagate through the LGN to the visual association cortex as part of dreaming
ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves
The ___________ hypothesis estimates that the PPN is responsible for producing ____________ which are responsible for dream imagery
activation-synthesis hypothesis, PGO waves
Dreaming that occurs near the onset of sleep is called ___________ while dreaming that occurs just prior to waking is called _________
hypnagogic, hypnopompic
The ____________ is derived from the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming and states that PGO waves activate semi-random cerebral circuits which the brain treats as exogenous and synthesizes a narrative to explain these waves.
physiological theory of dreams
The physiological theory of dreams (activation-synthesis hypothesis) theorizes that ____________
dreams originate as a result of PGO waves being interpreted by the brain
The ___________ coupled with _____________ explains the emotionality of REM dreams and their illogical content
increase in limbic activity, suppression of the dlPFC
The ________ and the _________ are inactivated during sleep while the ____________, ____________, and ___________ of the limbic system are activated.
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), posterior cingulate cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus
Inhibition of ____________ produces diminished somatosensation
posterior column nuclei
REM behavior disorder occurs when REM atonia is not initiated by the inhibition of _______
LMNs
A lesion to the ARAS will produce:
coma
The ________ and most of the ________ are not affected in coma
cerebellum, brainstem (aside from the pontine tegmentum)
People in a _____________ can open their eyes spontaneously or with stimulation and exhibit primitive orienting responses and circadian rhythms
vegetative state
The __________, __________, and __________ are not affected in a person in a vegetative state
diencephalon, upper brainstem, cerebellum
A person in a _____________ has variable impairment of the ARAS and cerebral cortex
minimally conscious state
_________, ________, and _________ are disorders of profound apathy that can resemble coma or vegetative state
akinetic mutism, abulia, catatonia
_________ is associated with damage to the anterior cingulate cortex
akinetic mutism
Binocular rivalry is regulated to activity of neurons in the __________
visual association cortex
The ___________ becomes active when perception shifts to faces, while as the ___________ becomes active when perception shifts to objects
fusiform face area (FFA), parahippocampal area (PPA)
Activation of _______ and ___________ are associated with shifts in perception for a variety of visual rivalry tasks.
dlPFC, parietal association cortex
a person is unable to focus on one object at a time but has no visual deficits or issues with motor coordination of the eyes. She must have a deficit of _______________
selective attention
_______ can be used to determine early selection vs. late selection (late selection is generally believed to be representative of sustained attention)
Event-related potentials (ERPs)
________ are described by polarities and time/sequence together on a graph. For example, N1 is the first large negative polarity wave, P200 is a positive polarity wave 200ms after N1)
Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)
The _______________ describes the phenomenon where subjects accurately remember the audio they pay attention to in their environment but not the audio they do not attend to, but still manage to notice when their name is mentioned even in the unattended audio stream
cocktail party effect
Pedunculopontine nucleus is filled with bodies of __________ neurons, is part of the ________, but also initiates ____________
cholinergic, ARAS, REM sleep
The Raphe nuclei and the locus ceruleus are filled with bodies of __________ and __________ neurons respectively, are part of the ________ as well as the _________, but also both initiate _____________
serotonergic, noradrenergic, ARAS, limbic loop, non-REM sleep
The VLPO initiates sleep by inhibiting the ___________ and the ___________
tuberomamillary nucleus (histamine), lateral hypothalamic area (orexin)
