Sleep Consciousness and Attention

Question 1

Memory consolidation occurs during _________

Answer 1

sleep

Question 2

The spring transition in daylight savings time system is associated with __________

Answer 2

higher incidence of MI

Question 3

In humans, sleep deprivation induces ______________, __________ and ______________

Answer 3

impaired memory and cognitive abilities, mood swings, hallucinations

Question 4

fatal familial insomnia is an inherited ____________ caused by a mutation in the __________ gene.
It causes death within 1-3 years

Answer 4

prion disease, PRNP gene

Question 5

Less time is spent in __________ as people age

Answer 5

REM sleep

Question 6

Some migratory animals are able to swim endlessly and do not need to stop to sleep, this is because they are able to engage in ___________

Answer 6

unihemispheric sleep

Question 7

Dawn effect:

Answer 7

cortisol levels peak in the morning

Question 8

The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives input from the _____________ and activates the ____________ which activates the ______________

Answer 8

ipRGC’s (photosensitive RGCs), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), pineal gland (via sympathetic stimulation)

Question 9

The __________ synthesizes melatonin

Answer 9

pineal gland

Question 10

The drive to sleep is dependent on these 2 components:

Answer 10

circadian rhythm, time since last full sleep

Question 11

The _______ is the master clock of the circadian rhythm but it does not initiate sleep or arousal

Answer 11

SCN

Question 12

Stage I of sleep is littered with ___________ and characteristic ________ waves

Answer 12

hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations, theta

Question 13

Stage II (NREM 2) of sleep is riddled with _______ waves and ___________

Answer 13

theta waves, sleep spindles

Question 14

_______ of sleep has characteristic delta waves

Answer 14

Stage III (NREM 3)

Question 15

Stages III and IV (NREM 3 and 4) both share this common characteristic: _________
Together they are classified as ______________

Answer 15

delta waves, slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Question 16

REM sleep can be characterized by ___________

Answer 16

alpha and beta waves

Question 17

In a typical 8-hour sleep cycle most people experience ___ periods of REM sleep

Answer 17

5

Question 18

Duration of _________ increases throughout the night

Answer 18

REM sleep

Question 19

______ and _______ are at waking levels during REM sleep

Answer 19

pulse and respiration

Question 20

The _______ is necessary for maintaining an alert waking state

Answer 20

ARAS

Question 21

ARAS is necessary for __________ an alert waking state

Answer 21

maintaining

Question 22

The ________________, dorsal and median raphe nuclei (serotonergic), and ________________ nuclei are all reticular/raphe nuclei involved in the ARAS system

Answer 22

locus ceruleus (noradrenergic), pedunculopontine reticular nuclei

Question 23

Locus ceruleus contains __________ neurons, while the dorsal and median raphe nuclei are _________ nuerons

Answer 23

noradrenergic, serotonergic

Question 24

The ___________ are the source of cholinergic projections in ARAS and also contain ___________________ which ____________

Answer 24

pedunculopontine nuclei, subpopulation of REM-on neurons, initiate REM sleep

Question 25

The ___________ are the originators of ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves

Answer 25

pedunculopontine nuclei

Question 26

The _________________ have a subpopulation of REM-off neurons which initiate non-REM sleep.

Answer 26

dorsal and median raphe nuclei

Question 27

The ___________ and ____________ both have subpopulations of REM-off neurons which initiate non-REM sleep

Answer 27

dorsal and median raphe nuclei, locus ceruleus

Question 28

The _____________ produce orexin (hypocretin) which stimulate _______________. These nuclei are suppressed during slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM

Answer 28

lateral hypothalamic nuclei, tuberomammillary nuclei

Question 29

The ___________ are suppressed during SWS and REM

Answer 29

lateral hypothalamic nuclei

Question 30

The ___________ are a source of histaminergic neurons which are stimulated by orexin-producing neurons of the lateral hypothalamic nuclei

Answer 30

tuberomammillary nuclei

Question 31

The ___________ and the ____________ are suppressed during slow-wave sleep (SWS) and REM

Answer 31

lateral hypothalamic nuclei, tuberomammillary nuclei

Question 32

The ______________ are GABA-ergic and inactive during wakefulness

Answer 32

ventrolateral preoptic nuclei

Question 33

The __________ initiate the sleep cycle by __________________

Answer 33

ventrolateral preoptic nuclei, supressing the ARAS and TMN

Question 34

The ARAS uses neurons that utilize ______, _______, and _______ as their neurotransmitters

Answer 34

ACh, 5HT, NE

Question 35

The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) initiates sleep by inhibiting ________, _________, and __________

Answer 35

ARAS, TMN, lateral hypothalamic area (LHA)

Question 36

_________ is sudden loss of muscle tone seen in narcolepsy

Answer 36

cataplexy

Question 37

Human narcolepsy can be caused by autoimmune destruction of __________ in the __________

Answer 37

orexin-producing neurons, lateral hypothalamic nuclei

Question 38

The ________ initiates sleep, while the _________ controls circadian rhythm

Answer 38

VLPO, SCN

Question 39

__________ originate from the PPN and propagate through the LGN to the visual association cortex as part of dreaming

Answer 39

ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves

Question 40

The ___________ hypothesis estimates that the PPN is responsible for producing ____________ which are responsible for dream imagery

Answer 40

activation-synthesis hypothesis, PGO waves

Question 41

Dreaming that occurs near the onset of sleep is called ___________ while dreaming that occurs just prior to waking is called _________

Answer 41

hypnagogic, hypnopompic

Question 42

The ____________ is derived from the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming and states that PGO waves activate semi-random cerebral circuits which the brain treats as exogenous and synthesizes a narrative to explain these waves.

Answer 42

physiological theory of dreams

Question 43

The physiological theory of dreams (activation-synthesis hypothesis) theorizes that ____________

Answer 43

dreams originate as a result of PGO waves being interpreted by the brain

Question 44

The ___________ coupled with _____________ explains the emotionality of REM dreams and their illogical content

Answer 44

increase in limbic activity, suppression of the dlPFC

Question 45

The ________ and the _________ are inactivated during sleep while the ____________, ____________, and ___________ of the limbic system are activated.

Answer 45

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), posterior cingulate cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus

Question 46

Inhibition of ____________ produces diminished somatosensation

Answer 46

posterior column nuclei

Question 47

REM behavior disorder occurs when REM atonia is not initiated by the inhibition of _______

Answer 47

LMNs

Question 48

A lesion to the ARAS will produce:

Answer 48

coma

Question 49

The ________ and most of the ________ are not affected in coma

Answer 49

cerebellum, brainstem (aside from the pontine tegmentum)

Question 50

People in a _____________ can open their eyes spontaneously or with stimulation and exhibit primitive orienting responses and circadian rhythms

Answer 50

vegetative state

Question 51

The __________, __________, and __________ are not affected in a person in a vegetative state

Answer 51

diencephalon, upper brainstem, cerebellum

Question 52

A person in a _____________ has variable impairment of the ARAS and cerebral cortex

Answer 52

minimally conscious state

Question 53

_________, ________, and _________ are disorders of profound apathy that can resemble coma or vegetative state

Answer 53

akinetic mutism, abulia, catatonia

Question 54

_________ is associated with damage to the anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 54

akinetic mutism

Question 55

Binocular rivalry is regulated to activity of neurons in the __________

Answer 55

visual association cortex

Question 56

The ___________ becomes active when perception shifts to faces, while as the ___________ becomes active when perception shifts to objects

Answer 56

fusiform face area (FFA), parahippocampal area (PPA)

Question 57

Activation of _______ and ___________ are associated with shifts in perception for a variety of visual rivalry tasks.

Answer 57

dlPFC, parietal association cortex

Question 58

a person is unable to focus on one object at a time but has no visual deficits or issues with motor coordination of the eyes. She must have a deficit of _______________

Answer 58

selective attention

Question 59

_______ can be used to determine early selection vs. late selection (late selection is generally believed to be representative of sustained attention)

Answer 59

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

Question 60

________ are described by polarities and time/sequence together on a graph. For example, N1 is the first large negative polarity wave, P200 is a positive polarity wave 200ms after N1)

Answer 60

Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)

Question 61

The _______________ describes the phenomenon where subjects accurately remember the audio they pay attention to in their environment but not the audio they do not attend to, but still manage to notice when their name is mentioned even in the unattended audio stream

Answer 61

cocktail party effect

Question 62

Pedunculopontine nucleus is filled with bodies of __________ neurons, is part of the ________, but also initiates ____________

Answer 62

cholinergic, ARAS, REM sleep

Question 63

The Raphe nuclei and the locus ceruleus are filled with bodies of __________ and __________ neurons respectively, are part of the ________ as well as the _________, but also both initiate _____________

Answer 63

serotonergic, noradrenergic, ARAS, limbic loop, non-REM sleep

Question 64

The VLPO initiates sleep by inhibiting the ___________ and the ___________

Answer 64

tuberomamillary nucleus (histamine), lateral hypothalamic area (orexin)