Limbic System

Question 1

The ___________ system is also a part of the limbic system

Answer 1

olfactory

Question 2

All limbic structures are either ______________ or have direct connections with it

Answer 2

allocortex (have less than 6 layers)

Question 3

The 3 layers of the allocortex (limbic cortex) from pial (basal) to apical are the _________, _____________, and ___________

Answer 3

molecular, pyramidal/granule, polymorphic

Question 4

The layer of the allocortex closest to the ventricular surface is the ________

Answer 4

polymorphic layer

Question 5

The allocortex is split into 2 types of cortex:

Answer 5

paleocortex (parahippocampal gyrus, subcallosal area, cingulate gyrus), archicortex (hippocampal formation)

Question 6

The paleocortex is part of the allocortex and is comprised of the _____________, _____________, __________, and ___________

Answer 6

Entorhinal cortex, piriform cortex, subcallosal area, cingulate gyrus

Question 7

The most anterior portion of the limbic cortex is the ___________, which is part of the ______________.
Just anterior to it is the _____________

Answer 7

piriform cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus (part of the amygdala)

Question 8

The ____________, part of the ___________ which is ultimately part of the ____________ of the allocortex covers the amygdala medially

Answer 8

piriform cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, paleocortex

Question 9

The ___________, part of the ______________ covers the hippocampal formation

Answer 9

entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus

Question 10

The ________ is anterior to the hippocampal formation which is the connection with the ____________

Answer 10

amygdala, cingulate gyrus

Question 11

The limbic association cortex includes the __________ and ___________ and receives inputs from the ____________

Answer 11

temporal pole, orbitofrontal cortex, association areas of the neocortex

Question 12

VTA =

Answer 12

ventral tegmental area (dopaminergic)

Question 13

The VTA is ___________, the locus ceruleus is ___________, the raphe nuclei are __________, and the basal nucleus of Meynert is ___________

Answer 13

dopaminergic, norepinephrine, serotonergic, cholinergic

Question 14

The VTA only communicates with ____________ structures, while the Basal Nucleus of Meynert (BNM) only communicates with __________ structures

Answer 14

anterior, posterior

Question 15

The _____________ has limbic projections to the amygdala and hippocampal formation and influences arousal, attention, and memory

Answer 15

Basal nucleus of Meynert (part of etiology of Alzheimers)

Question 16

The _____________ is associated with etiology of Alzheimers

Answer 16

Basal Nucleus of Meynert (BNM)

Question 17

The __________ has limbic projections to amygdala, hipppocampal formation, and hypothalamus

Answer 17

dorsal and median raphe nuclei

Question 18

The _________ are contained in the rostral pons

Answer 18

raphe nuclei

Question 19

SSRI’s interact with the ________ and demonstrate role in depression, anxiety, OCD, and mood disorders

Answer 19

raphe nuclei

Question 20

The locus ceruleus in the ___________ demonstrates interaction with _________ to affect mood

Answer 20

dorsal mid pons, SNRI’s (serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

Question 21

The 5 limbic structures in the brainstem are the:

Answer 21

basal nucleus of Meynert (within ventral pallidum/substantia innominata), dorsal and median raphe nuclei (dorsomedian ROSTRAL pons), locus ceruleus (dorsolateral MID pons), and VTA (ventromedian rostral midbrain)

Question 22

The ________ has limbic projections to the hypothalamus, septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens, and ventral pallidum)

Answer 22

VTA

Question 23

The _________ is part of the etiology of addition and substance abuse

Answer 23

VTA

Question 24

The _______ receive input from the VTA via the __________

Answer 24

VTA medial forebrain bundle

Question 25

The septal nuclei have connections with the ________, _________, and _________

Answer 25

hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus

Question 26

Lesion to the ________ produces sham rage

Answer 26

septal nuclei

Question 27

The nucleus accumbens is in the __________

Answer 27

ventral striatum

Question 28

The ____________ is involved in addiction pathologies and has been implicated in experiments with rats before where it was stimulated by the rats until death

Answer 28

nucleus accumbens

Question 29

The ___________, __________, and ____________ all are excitatory inputs to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), which is an inhibitory input to the ____________

Answer 29

amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, ventral pallidum

Question 30

Both the motor loop and limbic loop use _____________ inputs

Answer 30

dopaminergic

Question 31

Dysfunction of the VTA is implicated in _______________. It is an analagous structure to the ____________

Answer 31

schizophrenia, substantia nigra

Question 32

Destruction of the amygdala results in ______________ which in which people exhibit __________, ____________, and ____________

Answer 32

Kluver-Bucey Syndrome, hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior

Question 33

The hypothalamus regulates the ____________ part of emotion

Answer 33

autonomic (ex. heart rate)

Question 34

The 3 parts of the hippocampal formation are the _________, ___________, and the ____________

Answer 34

subiculum, hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus

Question 35

The ____________ is the transition layer between the 5-layered entorhinal cortex (paleocortex) and 3-layered hippocampus and dentate gyrus (archicortex)

Answer 35

subiculum (part of the hippocampal formation)

Question 36

The hippocampal formation receives afferent input from the __________ which starts with the __________ which projects to the _____________

Answer 36

perforant pathway, entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus (molecular layer)

Question 37

The purpose of the hippocampal formation is ________________

Answer 37

memory consolidation: short-term and immediate memories are encoded as long term memories

Question 38

The __________ is responsible for explicit (declarative) memory only

Answer 38

hippocampal formation

Question 39

Bilateral lesion to the hippocampal formation produce ____________, but no ________________

Answer 39

anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia

Question 40

The ________ is the efferent pathway between the hippocampal formation and the mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus. It is part of the ________

Answer 40

fornix, papez circuit

Question 41

The entorhinal cortex receives sensory input from all association cortices and olfactory cortices and emotional information from amygdala, and it also receives input from the the _______________. Then projections from the __________ are sent via the __________________ to the _____________

Answer 41

cingulate cortex, molecular layer of dentate gyrus, polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus, alveus (of the subiculum), fornix

Question 42

The ________ is the most medial portion of the hippocampal formation

Answer 42

dentate gyrus

Question 43

A patient presents who gives answers to your questions in full sentences, but the answers are not related to your questions. You diagnose him with: This syndrome is due to ____________

Answer 43

Korsakoff syndrome, thiamine deficiency (after excessive alcohol consumption)

Question 44

A patient presents with opthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion. You diagnose him with:

Answer 44

Wernike-Korsakoff syndrome or Wernkie encephalopathy

Question 45

Wernike encephalopathy is __________ while Wernkie-Korsakoff is __________

Answer 45

reversible, not reversible

Question 46

A lesion of the trigeminal motor nucleus will also likely lesion the ____________

Answer 46

locus ceruleus (influences sleep and arousal along with autonomic functions, SNRI’s affect mood, norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter in this area)

Question 47

A person with lesion to the red nucleus (ataxia) will also likely have lesion to the ______________ which has projections to the ________________

Answer 47

VTA, limbic loop of the basal nuclei

Question 48

The _________, ___________, ___________, and ___________ are all basal nuclei that contribute to the limbic loop Both the _________ and the _________ receive input from the VTA, and the ________ communicates with the fornix

Answer 48

These are in order from the nuclei that receives input from the VTA to the nucleus in the thalamus: [septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens], ventral pallidum, dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei

Question 49

The limbic loop projects to the _________________________________ via the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus

Answer 49

limbic, prefrontal, and orbitofrontal association cortices

Question 50

The _________ artery supplies the hippocampal formation and amygdala

Answer 50

anterior choroidal artery

Question 51

The cingulate gyrus blood supply is the ________________

Answer 51

pericallosal branch of anterior cerebral artery (ACA)

Question 52

Mamillary nuclei blood supply is ___________

Answer 52

posteromedial branches of posterior communicating artery

Question 53

The _______________ is contained in the ventral pallidum

Answer 53

Basal nucleus of Meynert

Question 54

Nucleus Accumbens expresses receptors for _____________

Answer 54

endogenous opiates

Question 55

The limbic loop functions to __________________

Answer 55

disinhibit the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus

Question 56

The connection of the limbic loop with the cerebral cortex is entirely facilitated by ________________

Answer 56

dopaminergic connections (b/c VTA —> Nucleus Accumbens —> ventral pallidum —> DM nucleus of thalamus)