Limbic System Flashcards
The ___________ system is also a part of the limbic system
olfactory
All limbic structures are either ______________ or have direct connections with it
allocortex (have less than 6 layers)
The 3 layers of the allocortex (limbic cortex) from pial (basal) to apical are the _________, _____________, and ___________
molecular, pyramidal/granule, polymorphic
The layer of the allocortex closest to the ventricular surface is the ________
polymorphic layer
The allocortex is split into 2 types of cortex:
paleocortex (parahippocampal gyrus, subcallosal area, cingulate gyrus), archicortex (hippocampal formation)
The paleocortex is part of the allocortex and is comprised of the _____________, _____________, __________, and ___________
Entorhinal cortex, piriform cortex, subcallosal area, cingulate gyrus
The most anterior portion of the limbic cortex is the ___________, which is part of the ______________.
Just anterior to it is the _____________
piriform cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus (part of the amygdala)
The ____________, part of the ___________ which is ultimately part of the ____________ of the allocortex covers the amygdala medially
piriform cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, paleocortex
The ___________, part of the ______________ covers the hippocampal formation
entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus
The ________ is anterior to the hippocampal formation which is the connection with the ____________
amygdala, cingulate gyrus
The limbic association cortex includes the __________ and ___________ and receives inputs from the ____________
temporal pole, orbitofrontal cortex, association areas of the neocortex
VTA =
ventral tegmental area (dopaminergic)
The VTA is ___________, the locus ceruleus is ___________, the raphe nuclei are __________, and the basal nucleus of Meynert is ___________
dopaminergic, norepinephrine, serotonergic, cholinergic
The VTA only communicates with ____________ structures, while the Basal Nucleus of Meynert (BNM) only communicates with __________ structures
anterior, posterior
The _____________ has limbic projections to the amygdala and hippocampal formation and influences arousal, attention, and memory
Basal nucleus of Meynert (part of etiology of Alzheimers)
The _____________ is associated with etiology of Alzheimers
Basal Nucleus of Meynert (BNM)
The __________ has limbic projections to amygdala, hipppocampal formation, and hypothalamus
dorsal and median raphe nuclei
The _________ are contained in the rostral pons
raphe nuclei
SSRI’s interact with the ________ and demonstrate role in depression, anxiety, OCD, and mood disorders
raphe nuclei
The locus ceruleus in the ___________ demonstrates interaction with _________ to affect mood
dorsal mid pons, SNRI’s (serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
The 5 limbic structures in the brainstem are the:
basal nucleus of Meynert (within ventral pallidum/substantia innominata), dorsal and median raphe nuclei (dorsomedian ROSTRAL pons), locus ceruleus (dorsolateral MID pons), and VTA (ventromedian rostral midbrain)
The ________ has limbic projections to the hypothalamus, septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens, and ventral pallidum)
VTA
The _________ is part of the etiology of addition and substance abuse
VTA
The _______ receive input from the VTA via the __________
VTA medial forebrain bundle
The septal nuclei have connections with the ________, _________, and _________
hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus
Lesion to the ________ produces sham rage
septal nuclei
The nucleus accumbens is in the __________
ventral striatum
The ____________ is involved in addiction pathologies and has been implicated in experiments with rats before where it was stimulated by the rats until death
nucleus accumbens
The ___________, __________, and ____________ all are excitatory inputs to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), which is an inhibitory input to the ____________
amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, ventral pallidum
Both the motor loop and limbic loop use _____________ inputs
dopaminergic
Dysfunction of the VTA is implicated in _______________. It is an analagous structure to the ____________
schizophrenia, substantia nigra
Destruction of the amygdala results in ______________ which in which people exhibit __________, ____________, and ____________
Kluver-Bucey Syndrome, hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior
The hypothalamus regulates the ____________ part of emotion
autonomic (ex. heart rate)
The 3 parts of the hippocampal formation are the _________, ___________, and the ____________
subiculum, hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus
The ____________ is the transition layer between the 5-layered entorhinal cortex (paleocortex) and 3-layered hippocampus and dentate gyrus (archicortex)
subiculum (part of the hippocampal formation)
The hippocampal formation receives afferent input from the __________ which starts with the __________ which projects to the _____________
perforant pathway, entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus (molecular layer)
The purpose of the hippocampal formation is ________________
memory consolidation: short-term and immediate memories are encoded as long term memories
The __________ is responsible for explicit (declarative) memory only
hippocampal formation
Bilateral lesion to the hippocampal formation produce ____________, but no ________________
anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia
The ________ is the efferent pathway between the hippocampal formation and the mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus. It is part of the ________
fornix, papez circuit
The entorhinal cortex receives sensory input from all association cortices and olfactory cortices and emotional information from amygdala, and it also receives input from the the _______________. Then projections from the __________ are sent via the __________________ to the _____________
cingulate cortex, molecular layer of dentate gyrus, polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus, alveus (of the subiculum), fornix
The ________ is the most medial portion of the hippocampal formation
dentate gyrus
A patient presents who gives answers to your questions in full sentences, but the answers are not related to your questions. You diagnose him with:
This syndrome is due to ____________
Korsakoff syndrome, thiamine deficiency (after excessive alcohol consumption)
A patient presents with opthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion. You diagnose him with:
Wernike-Korsakoff syndrome or Wernkie encephalopathy
Wernike encephalopathy is __________ while Wernkie-Korsakoff is __________
reversible, not reversible
A lesion of the trigeminal motor nucleus will also likely lesion the ____________
locus ceruleus (influences sleep and arousal along with autonomic functions, SNRI’s affect mood, norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter in this area)
A person with lesion to the red nucleus (ataxia) will also likely have lesion to the ______________ which has projections to the ________________
VTA, limbic loop of the basal nuclei
The _________, ___________, ___________, and ___________ are all basal nuclei that contribute to the limbic loop
Both the _________ and the _________ receive input from the VTA, and the ________ communicates with the fornix
These are in order from the nuclei that receives input from the VTA to the nucleus in the thalamus:
[septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens], ventral pallidum, dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei
The limbic loop projects to the _________________________________ via the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
limbic, prefrontal, and orbitofrontal association cortices
The _________ artery supplies the hippocampal formation and amygdala
anterior choroidal artery
The cingulate gyrus blood supply is the ________________
pericallosal branch of anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
Mamillary nuclei blood supply is ___________
posteromedial branches of posterior communicating artery
The _______________ is contained in the ventral pallidum
Basal nucleus of Meynert
Nucleus Accumbens expresses receptors for _____________
endogenous opiates
The limbic loop functions to __________________
disinhibit the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
The connection of the limbic loop with the cerebral cortex is entirely facilitated by ________________
dopaminergic connections (b/c VTA —> Nucleus Accumbens —> ventral pallidum —> DM nucleus of thalamus)
