Learning and Memory

Question 1

As a lesion to the ___________________, simple learning tasks are not affected, and complex learning tasks are affected. (ex. a rat unable to complete a complex maze without committing numerous mistakes)

Answer 1

cortex as a whole increases

Question 2

A person with a bilateral lesion to the ________ and __________ will experience profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia but maintain implicit memory (working memory included)

Answer 2

vmPFC, temporal lobes

Question 3

A patient has loss of connections from the Basal nucleus of Meynert, and noticeable formation of neurofibrillary tangles. She is diagnosed with

Answer 3

Alzheimer Disease

Question 4

______________ are reactivated during sleep to consolidate memories of exact locations from the day prior. They respond specifically to objects and places.

Answer 4

parahippocampal place cells (PPCs)

Question 5

Insular cortex functions as a ____________ and has connections with the _____________ for interoception.
The anterior cingulate cortex functions (in part) as a ____________, one example of this is the ___________

Answer 5

visceral sensory cortex, hypothalamus (for interoception and also homeostasis), visceral motor cortex, duchenne smile

Question 6

Visceral sensations are interpreted and projected back out as autonomic reactions (ex. duchenne smile, increased heart rate) through the __________________.
The _______________ nucleus takes all afferent input from viscera, and the ___________ is responsible for projecting the interpreted signals to the anterior cingulate cortex.

Answer 6

Central autonomic network (CAN), solitary nucleus, insular cortex

Question 7

The two most general types of memory are:

Answer 7

working memory and long-term memory

Question 8

short-term sensitization is in a general sense due to:

Answer 8

an increase in the number of synaptic vesicles released from presynaptic terminal

Question 9

Short-term sensitization of neurons is facilitated by __________ mediating __________ of K+ channels which prolongs action potentials.
It is also mediated by _________ which mobilizes vesicles to release

Answer 9

cAMP/PKA, closure, protein kinase C

Question 10

Long-term potentiation has two key features:

Answer 10

persistence over time, associativity

Question 11

The chain of action potentials from CA3-CA1 in the hippocampus along with _____________ produces a _____________

Answer 11

simultaneous depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron, long-term potentiation (LTP)

This is Hebbian learning

Question 12

___________ is a chain of action potentials (ex. CA3-CA1 in hippocampus) paired with an outside stimulus (ex. Dentate gyrus/CA4)

Answer 12

Hebbian learning (long-term potentiation)

Question 13

In the hippocampus, _________ receptors require much more glutamate than __________ receptors and once open will let in _____.

Answer 13

NMDA, AMPA, Ca2+

Question 14

Ca2+ let in by NMDA receptors in hippocampus after they are stimulated by glutamate activates an increase in ______________

Answer 14

number of AMPA receptors inserted into the postsynaptic terminal (increasing the neuron’s sensitivity to glutamate)

Question 15

Late phase LTP induces ___________

Answer 15

construction of new synaptic contacts making LTP permanent

Question 16

Adult neurogenesis only occurs in two regions:

Answer 16

dentate gyrus (beginning in subgranular zone) and olfactory bulb