Traumatic Brain Injury (Exam 4)

Question 1

TBI is the #1 killer of ____ and ____.

Answer 1

Children and Young Adults.

Question 2

____ twice as often as ____.

Answer 2

Men, Women

Question 3

Typical patient is ____ to ___ years of age.

Answer 3

15-24 years of age.

Question 4

75 years of age usually due to ____.

Answer 4

Falls

Question 5

_____ is the only cure for head injury.

Answer 5

Prevention

Question 6

Include skull fractures and open wounds.

Answer 6

Open Head Injuries

Question 7

Skull remains intact such as concussion, contusion, and hematomas.

Answer 7

Close Head Injuries

Question 8

Assessment of level of arousal and brain function.

Answer 8

Glasgow Coma Scale

Question 9

Most commonly lobes injured.

Answer 9

Parietal, Frontal Lobes

Question 10

Spatial Relations

Answer 10

Parietal

Question 11

Judgement, Reasoning

Answer 11

Frontal

Question 12

Factors Influencing Outcomes

Answer 12

Premorbid Status, Primary Damage.

Question 13

Includes clots, contusions, lacerations, or combo. Under site of impact.

Answer 13

Local Brain Damage

Question 14

Coup-Countrecoup

Answer 14

Polar Brain Damage

Question 15

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Answer 15

Diffuse Brain Injury

Question 16

Momentary loss of consciousness, reflexes. Possible amnesia. No structural damage to brain but a disruption of synapses.

Answer 16

Concussion

Question 17

Bruising of the surface of brain. Hemorrhage of small blood vessels. Local injury.

Answer 17

Contusion

Question 18

Damage to brain directly under site of impact and directly opposite.

Answer 18

Coup-Countercoup Injury

Question 19

Widely scattered shearing of subcortical axons.

Answer 19

Diffuse Brain Injury

Question 20

Lack or absence of oxygen.

Answer 20

Hypoxic Ischemic Injury

Question 21

Compress of brain due to expanding hematoma.

Answer 21

Intracranial Hematomas

Question 22

Between dura mater and skull. Forms rapidly, common with blow to head. Requires craniotomy (evacuation) of hematoma.

Answer 22

Epidural Hematoma

Question 23

Between dura and arachnoid mater. Usually forms over several hours or a week. Common in elderly after a fall, mimics CVA. Small hematomas can be reabsorbed.

Answer 23

Subdural Hematoma

Question 24

Hematoma within the main part of the brain.

Answer 24

Intra-Cerebral Hematoma

Question 25

_____ which normally occurs in the first week, but may occur weeks or months after the initial incident.

Answer 25

ICP (Increased Cranial Pressure)

Question 26

Surge of levels of excitatory neurotransmitters starts a cascade of events that destroys neurons.

Answer 26

Auto destructive Cellular Phenomonon

Question 27

Glasgow Coma Scale 8 or less.

Answer 27

Severe brain injuries and coma.

Question 28

Glasgow Coma Scale 9-12.

Answer 28

Moderate brain injuries.

Question 29

Glasgow Coma Scale 13-15.

Answer 29

Mild brain injuries.

Question 30

Outline of predictable sequence of cognitive and behavioral recovery from TBI.

Answer 30

Rancho Los Amigos Level of Cognitive Functioning (RLA)

Question 31

Prevents the skin breakdown

Answer 31

Positioning

Question 32

Best positions

Answer 32

Side-lying or semi-prone. Abduction/ER of the shoulder is preferred to inhibit abnormal muscle tone.

Question 33

Prevent joint contractures

Answer 33

ROM

Question 34

Functional mobility training when patient status is ____.

Answer 34

Stable

Question 35

Returning surviving patient to highest possible level of function.

Answer 35

Primary Goals of Rehab for TBI

Question 36

No eye opening, doesn’t follow commands, no speech.

Answer 36

Coma

Question 37

Decreased level of awareness, eye opening, sleep-wake cycles.

Answer 37

Persistent Vegetative State

Question 38

No short-term memory.

Answer 38

Post-traumatic Amnesia

Question 39

___ is the most socially disabling and enduring problem with a TBI.

Answer 39

Behavioral Deficits

Question 40

Flexion of the arms, clenched fists, extended legs, arms bent inward toward the body with wrist/fingers bent and held on the chest.

Answer 40

Decorticate Posture

Question 41

Arm, legs extended, toes pointed downward, head and neck arched backwards.

Answer 41

Decerebrate Posture

Question 42

Common injuries often present with TBI.

Answer 42

Open wounds, fractures, SCI, soft tissue injury, internal organ injury, peripheral nerve damage.

Question 43

Velocity of Injury (MVA).

Answer 43

High

Question 44

Velocity of Injury (Fall).

Answer 44

Low

Question 45

Focal Brain Injury

Answer 45

Located in one place.

Question 46

Diffuse Brain Injury

Answer 46

Widely scattered.

Question 47

Damage to the poles of the brain from sudden acceleration/deceleration.

Answer 47

Polar Brain Damage