Trauma PPT Flashcards
6 Ranges of Mechanisms of injury are
- Fall
- Motor Vehicle Traffic
- Struck by, against
- Transport, other
- Cut/pierce
- Firearm
What type of injury females tend to have higher injury than male?
Fall
What is trauma?
Define =
Age range
Range of conditions
Standard projections: ADAPTATION
What does it mean to be a trauma center
Emergency medical care
How many level of Trauma Center
4
Level I
Comprehensive
Type of center
Availability of imaging services
Level II
Same specialized care as Level I but differs by
Type of facility
Availability of specialty physicians
Level III
Smaller communities
Availability of specialists
Stabilize patient
Level IV
Clinic or outpatient facility
Minor injuries
Stabilize patient
What is a Blunt Trauma?
MVAs
Collisions with pedestrians
Falls
Aggravated assault (sudden danger)
What is Penetrating trauma?
Gunshot wounds (GSWs)
Stab wounds
Impalement injuries
Foreign body ingestion or aspiration
What is Explosive trauma?
Pressure shock waves, high-velocity projectiles, burns
Burns = fire, steam & hot water, chemicals, electricity & frostbite
Principle 1
2 projections 90° to each other with true CR-part-IR alignment Angling of CR and IR as needed Patient not able to move Exception to true AP and lateral principle Patient condition Unavoidable obstructions Still attempt Document Exception to CR-part-IR alignment CR-part relationship maintained Part-IR not maintained Results in part distortion
Principle 2
Entire structure is included on image Selection of IR AP/Lat projections Both joints should be included Secondary fractures “Always include a Joint” rule Follow up exams Joint nearest fracture site
Principle 3
Maintain safety for patient, healthcare worker & public Moving equipment Side rails Original location ALARA principle
What is Dislocation or luxation
Bone displaced from joint
Abnormal shape or alignment
Subluxation also called
Partial dislocation
Sprain
Twisting of a joint resulting in partial rupture or tearing of ligaments w/o dislocation
Severe sprain – swelling & discoloration
Fracture is
Break in a bone
Apposition
Fragmented ends make contact with each other
Anatomic apposition
Fragmented ends make end-to-end contact
Lack of apposition or distraction
Fragmented ends are aligned but pulled apart
Bayonet apposition
Fragments overlap and shafts make contact
Fracture ends do not
Angulation
Loss of alignment of fracture
Apex angulation
Direction or angle of apex of fracture
Medial or lateral apex
Varus deformity
Distal part of distal fragment angled toward midline of body (Lateral apex – points away)
Valgus deformity
Distal part of distal fragment angled away from midline; apex pointed toward midline
Simple or closed fracture
Bone does not break through skin
Compound or open fracture
Portion of bone protrudes through skin
Incomplete Fracture
Fracture does not traverse through entire bone
In Children:
Torus – Buckling of cortex with localized expansion; no complete break in cortex
Greenstick (hickory or willow stick
Complete fracture
Break is complete; broken into 2 pieces
Transverse fracture
A near right angle to long axis of bone
Oblique fracture
Fracture passes at an oblique angle
Spiral fracture
Bone is twisted apart and fracture spirals around long axis
Comminuted Fracture
Bone is splintered or crushed @ site of impact resulting in 2 or more fragments
Segmental fx
2 fracture lines isolate a distinct segment of bone
Broken into 3 pieces
Middle pieces broken at both ends
Butterfly fx
2 fragments on each side of a wedge-shaped separate fragment
Splintered fx
Bone is splintered into thin, sharp fragments
How much kVp need to increase for Fiberglass cast
3 to 4 kVP
How much kVp need to increase for Small to medium plaster cast
5-7 kVp
How much kVp need to increase for Large plaster cast
8-10 kVp
What need to do with Patient Motion
Short exposure time
Small focal spot
Move the tube and IR rather than
the patient
Position the stretcher adjacent to
The upright Bucky
Higher grid ratio
For AP projections Move the pt
Superiorly to inferiorly
For Lateral projections move the pt
Inferiorly to superiorly
For Oblique projections need
Separate structures
For Supine position
Image patient by reversing or modifying projection
For pt with Penetrated foreign object
Mark the entrance and exit wound
Visible on all projections
2 projections required
For Aspirated or swallowed object
Moving patient
Do not leave alone
“Best Practices” In Trauma are:
I. Speed: Quality images in short amount of time
II. Accuracy: Minimal amount of distortion and maximum amount of detail
III. Quality: High quality images even when moving quickly
IV. Positioning: Principle #1
V. Practice standard precautions
VI. Immobilization
VII. Anticipation
Special projections
VIII. Attention to detail (patient)
IX. Attention to protocol & scope of practice
X. Professionalism
