Trauma and Maltreatment (T3) Flashcards
What is child maltreatment?
child abuse, exploitation, or neglect
What is harm standard?
focus on physical evidence of harm
What is endangerment standard?
potential for harm
What are the four types of child maltreatment?
physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, neglect
What is physical abuse?
deliberate physical injury or serious risk of injury to child, regardless of whether or not there was an intent to harm.
What is the APA’s stance on corporal punishment?
Not considered abuse, however, strongly discouraged, due to a wide variety of potential negative side effects, ineffectiveness, children’s right to be treated with dignity and respect, and the existence of more effective, nonviolent alternatives.
What is sexual abuse?
Any sexual activity between adult and child/adolescent.
What types of things can also be considered sexual abuse?
Sexual can include nonpenetrative acts like kissing and fondling, and non-contact sexual acts like voyeurism. Abuse can include non-physical coercion (bribing, manipulating, etc.)
Why can’t youths give consent?
Consent requires
a. understanding of all implications, which children are developmentally incapable of appreciating,
b. freely engaging in the activity without any pressure, which cannot happen due to the inherent power dynamic between adult and child/adolescent.
What is psychological abuse?
non-accidental verbal or symbolic acts by the caregiver that psychologically harm the child.
What are examples of psychological abuse?
terrorizing, isolating, exploiting, denying emotional responsiveness, etc.
What is neglect?
depriving the child of basic age-appropriate needs, resulting in potential physical or psychological harm.
What is the most common form of child abuse in the USA?
neglect.
Roughly how many US children are confirmed victims of abuse annually?
1 million.
What is shaken baby syndrome?
brain damage initially causes drowsiness; failure to respond to stimulation, breathing problems, vomiting, seizures, coma, death.
What are the most common impacts of childhood maltreatment?
physical health problems, behavioral problems (especially ODD, aggression, and CD), mood and anxiety problems, and insecure attachment.
What are the 3 Evidence-based Treatments for Children
Exposed to Physical Abuse or Neglect?
- Supportive therapy for children
- Parent training
- Cognitive-behavioral family therapy
Explain supportive therapy for children exposed to physical abuse or neglect.
Helps children cope with feelings and memories associated with maltreatment, improves their sense of self and relationships, and addresses areas of functioning risk.
What three areas of functioning risk are addressed during supportive therapy for children exposed to physical abuse or neglect?
disorganized attachment to caregiver: establish trust & unconditional positive regard
behavior regulation: teaching the connection between feelings, thoughts, and actions
self-perceptions: coping techniques
Explain parent training as treatment for children exposed to physical abuse or neglect.
Parent management training,
Primary goal: Teach parents effective ways to socialize &
interact with their children.
Explain cognitive-behavioral family therapy as treatment for children exposed to physical abuse or neglect.
Involves parent portion, child portion, and parent-child portion. The parent portion involves education on abuse, coping skills, realistic expectations for the child, and problem-solving skills. The child portion involves normalizing negative feelings, trauma narrative, and creating a safety plan. The parent-child portion involves discussing previous incidents of abuse.
What is the HPA axis?
Regulates the human body’s fight or flight response to stress, children with PTSD often show dysregulation of this axis and abnormally high or low levels of cortisol which is the body’s main stress hormone.
The emergence of PTSD can be predicted by what?
functioning before the trauma, proximity to the trauma, and brain and endocrine functioning.
What are the principles of psychological first aid?
- fostering a sense of safety
- promoting a sense of calmness
- increasing self-efficacy
- achieving connectedness and social support
- instilling hope for the future
What is trauma-focused CBT? (TF-CBT).
teaches families about PTSD
teaches child coping skills
gradually exposes children to stimuli or memories associated with the traumatic event
Identifies and changes children’s maladaptive cognitions about the traumatic event.
