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Child Psychology UA > lecture 5 & 6 > Flashcards

lecture 5 & 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between family studies and adoption studies?

A

family studies - does trait run in family?

adoption studies - compare biological relatives with adoptive parents

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2
Q

What do molecular geneticists do?

A

conduct linkage & association studies to identify specific genes that may underlie certain disorders.

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3
Q

What is Passive gene-environment correlation?

A

A child’s early experiences & home environment are influenced in part by the parent’s genotype, so child is exposed to both (G & E). (e.g., abusive parenting predicts child antisocial behavior.)

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4
Q

What is Evocative (Reactive) G-E Correlation?

A

a child’s heritable behavior evokes a certain environmental response.

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5
Q

What is Active G-E Correlation?

A

child’s heritable propensity to select certain environmental exposures (“niche picking”).

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6
Q

What are brain imaging techniques?

A

Relatively non-invasive view of living brain,
Two types:
• Structural: shows neuroanatomy, static picture, CAT, MRI
• Functional: shows brain activity during a task, PET, fMRI

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7
Q

What is a Computerized Axial Tomography / CAT?

A

Focused X-ray beams passed through at different angles, Different densities deflect rays differently. Quick, but radiation exposure and fuzzier images than MRI.

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8
Q

What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI?

A

Strong magnetic field passed through the skull, Causes hydrogen (H) atoms in brain to align. Better contrast that CAT, no ionizing radiation but Magnets preclude metal in body (pacemakers).

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9
Q

What is Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

A

Now one of the most popular ways to study
brain activation. Measures changes in magnetic properties of blood as hemoglobin becomes deoxygenated. Less invasive and higher resolution but more costly in terms of time and money.

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10
Q

Within the cortex what are the 4 regions/lobes?

A

occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal.

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11
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

back of brain surface, visual info processing. Dramatic growth in early childhood.

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12
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

sides/top, integrates visual/auditory/tactile info. Growth peaks ~ 10 years. Sensory & motor fxns. improve w/ synaptic pruning.

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13
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

sides & bottom, expression & reg of emotions. Pruning in late adolescence.

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14
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A

organizing, planning, prioritizing behavior. Growth peaks around 11-12, but keeps developing! Pruning thru early adolescence to early adulthood. attention, inhibition, overall behavioral control.

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15
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

set of nuclei deep under the cortex, above brainstem. caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra.
• Help control movement (e.g., when walking, arms swing)
• Filters sensory info, relay to other brain regions.
• Helps regulate attention & emotion.
• Pruned through adolescence.

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16
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

behind temporal lobes.
• Amygdala – understanding and expression of emotions, esp. negative (fear/rage)
• Hippocampus – emotion processing, forming emotional memories.
• Develops through adolescence.

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17
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

heavily myelinated, connects & relays info between L & R hemispheres of cortex. role in attention, arousal, memory storage/retrieval, hearing, language.
• Grows through adolescence.

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18
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

‘little brain’ at back near brainstem.

• mental efficiency, physical balance/posture.

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19
Q

Explain phobia development.

A 
Pavlov’s dog: bell (NS) paired with food
(UCS) which naturally triggers salivation
(UCR). Now bell becomes CS, triggering
CR (salivation).
Bitten child: Dog (NS) paired with bite
(UCS) which naturally triggers fear
(UCR). Now, dogs become CS, triggering
CR (fear)
20
Q

What is exposure therapy?

A

Extinction – repeated presentation of
CS (dog) without UCS (biting). Weakens
CR (fear).

21
Q

What is operant conditioning? (B. F. Skinner)

A

Learn to associate a voluntary behavior with a consequence

either a reinforcer or punishment

22
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

Any consequence that ↑ likelihood of bx in future.
2 Types: Positive (+) and Negative (‐):
Positive reinforcer: presented upon the desired
behavior to ↑ it.
a reward given to increase the behavior
e.g., attention, praise, treat, screen time, etc.
Negative reinforce: aversive stimulus withdrawn
upon desired bx to ↑ it.
e.g., Parent stops nagging “eat your veggies” after child eats them.

23
Q

What is a punishment?

A

Any consequence that ↓ likelihood of bx in future.
2 punishment types: + and ‐
Positive punishment: aversive consequence to ↓ decrease bx e.g., scolding
Negative punishment: removal of a + stimulus to ↓ bx
e.g., “time out” from + reinforcement (loss of
stimulation/attention)

24
Q

What is social learning?

A

By observation of others, no direct conditioning required!

ex. Bandura’s Bobo doll study

25
Q

What is temperament?

A

child’s stable, innate (biologically based) response pattern to environmental stimuli

26
Q

What are the dimensions of temperament?

A

activity level, positive affect, negative affect, persistence, inhibition.

27
Q

What are the three common patterns of temperament?

A

Easy: happy, flexible, regular (~40%)
Difficult: demanding, inflexible, resists change, easily frustrated (~10%)
Slow to warm up: moody, inhibited in new experiences (~15%)

28
Q

What is attachment?

A

affective bond between parent & child protects and & reassures during times of danger/uncertainty (John Bowlby). Child develops an internal working model.

29
Q

What is secure attachment?

A

child expects sensitive & responsive care.

30
Q

What is insecure attachment?

A

don’t expect or seek parent’s help when distressed
• see parent as unavailable/inconsistent,
• self as unworthy of attention/care

31
Q

What is avoidant insecure attachment?

A

avoidant of caregiver (passive disinterest)
Why? Maybe parent is distant, disengaged,
dismissive

32
Q

What is ambivalent insecure attachment?

A

ambivalent (anxious/angry, alternate between
seeking/resisting support)
Why? Maybe parent is inconsistent
(sensitive/neglectful)

33
Q

What is Ainswirth’s stranger situation?

A

Securely attached: distressed when separated, seek comfort & physical contact when reunited.
Insecurely attached: avoidant (passive/disinterested in caregiver support), or ambivalent (alternatively seeking and resisting caregiver support).

34
Q

What is indulgent parenting in Baumrind’s Parenting Type?

A

high in responsiveness, low in demandingness.

35
Q

What is uninvolved parenting in Baumrind’s Parenting Type?

A

low in responsiveness, low in demandingness.

36
Q

what is authoritarian parenting in Baumrind’s Parenting Type?

A

low in responsiveness, high in demandingness.

37
Q

what is authoritative parenting in Baumrind’s Parenting Type?

A

high in responsiveness, high in demandingness.

38
Q

What are proximal risk factors?

A

“Proximal” = close/nearby
immediate determinants of behavior: e.g., genotype, biological functioning, learning experiences, &
family context. directly affect child well-being.

39
Q

What are distal risk factors?

A

“Distal” = distant/farther away. Broader social & cultural factors that affect child’s functioning or competence indirectly.

40
Q

What are examples of distal risk factors?

A
  • Home environment
  • Family structure
  • Ethnicity
  • Culture/acculturation
  • Religious beliefs
  • Language
  • Neighborhood quality
41
Q

Children’s environment as a hierarchy of what four nested social systems?

A

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, and Macrosystem.

42
Q

What is a microsystem?

A

child’s immediate surroundings (proximal; genes, mental processes, relationships with peers and significant adults, teachers, coaches etc.)

43
Q

What is a mesosystem?

A

connections between microsystems (e.g., home – school).

44
Q

What is an exosystem?

A

contextual influences affect microsystems, not children directly. (e.g., parents working long hours, school eliminates extracurriculars).

45
Q

What is a macrosystem?

A

Broad social, economic, and cultural influences, (e.g., SES, media exposure, neighborhood quality).

Child Psychology UA (15 decks)

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