Transtheoretical Model - History and basis for theory Flashcards
How did Prochaska et al (1992) describe the TTM in terms of its use?
The stages of change help us to understand when shift in attitudes and behaviours occur. Processes of change enable understanding of how these shifts occur.
Why is the TTM used widely within substance use and addiction?
It helps us to understand how people change/don’t change their behaviour when they use or are dependent on recreational or habitual substances
Why was the TTM first developed?
in response to try to understand the big problems in society from drug use in the sixties and seventies and excess alcohol intake
What is the traditional approach to health promotion?
Didactic - not acknowledging where a person is in the process and trying to get them to change when they are not ready to
What did Fava et al (1995) say about efforts to impact on smoking population?
“the failure to take into account the readiness of the individual smoker with respect to changing his or her smoking behaviour….designed with an explicit action orientated strategy which assumed the individual smoker was ready to embark on the smoking cessation venture.”
What is at the heart of the TTM?
It is a stage based model that also acknowledges some of the social factors that are involved in maladaptive behaviour and behaviour change
Who devised the TTM?
Prochaska and Diclimente in the 1980s
What arguments did P&D put forward for the TTM?
NO SINGLE approach address complexities of BC
BC is COMPLEX but happens in STABLE SEQUENCE OF STAGES
DIFFERENT PROCESSES of change according to the progress they have made
Who are the three experts from whom the TTM has drawn influence?
Sigmend Freud
B.F. Skinner
Carl R Rogers
What is Skinner’s theory?
The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behaviour. Changes in behaviour are the result of an individual’s response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment.
What is Operant conditioning?
Well operant conditioning is to do with reinforcement and punishment. You do a drug to feel the euphoric effects which leads to positive reinforcement.
With increased use of the drug you have withdrawals and take the drugs not to get the euphoric effect but to remove the negative effects.. i.e negative reinforcement. So to remove the stress, aches and pains you take the drug.
What is classical conditioning?
Meanwhile classical conditioning is linking stimuli together, which could be looked at in a way of habits. When you walk by the environment that you partake in drug taking could reinforce your urge to do the drug… because of the strong association between context and drug use your urge increases…
Similarly when you smell a cigarette you want to smoke it because that small reinforces you to want to smoke (like pavlov and his dog).
SO in essence, its both but classical being more the habits you gain throughout (context) whilst operant being the reason why you continue drug use (withdrawals)
What is Freud’s defence mechanisms theory?
An unconscious psychological mechanism that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli. Freud believed there were 10 in total
What is a common defence mechanism used by addicts?
Denial
What was Carl Rogers Theory?
Self-efficacy
