Transport Systems

Question 2

Main types of blood vessels

Answer 2

Artery
Capillary
Vein

Question 3

Artery structure

Answer 3

Thick layer of muscles
Narrow lumen

Question 4

Artery (5)

Answer 4

Arteries carry blood away from the heart
Almost all arteries carry oxygenated blood except for pulmonary artery
Have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres
Have narrow lumen
Blood flows through at a high pressure

Question 5

Structure related to function: artery

Answer 5

The thick muscular wall of the arteries help to withstand high blood pressure.
The wall of the arteries contain elastic fibres allowing the arteries to stretch and recoil maintaining high blood pressure.
The narrow lumen also helps to maintain high pressure

Question 6

Capillary structure

Answer 6

Lumen

Question 7

Capillary

Answer 7

Capillaries connect arteries to vein.
The primary function of capillaries is the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.

Question 8

Structure related to function: capillary

Answer 8

It has a very narrow lumen, so RBC can move in a single file, increasing their SA during exchange of materials.
Capillary have walls that are one cell thick (short diffusion distance) so materials can be diffused quickly.
Contain microscopic pores on their walls allowing plasma to leak through them forming tissue fluid.

Question 9

Vein structure

Answer 9

Thin wall with less muscles and elastic fibres
Large lumen

Question 10

Vein

Answer 10

Veins carry blood towards heart
Most veins carry deoxygenated blood except for pulmonary artery
The pressure is much lower in veins than arteries

Question 11

Veins (valves)

Answer 11

The skeletal muscles contract to propel the blood in the veins towards the heart.
The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood in the vein.

Question 12

Structure related to function: Veins

Answer 12

Veins have wide lumen allowing large volume of blood to flow without resistance
Veins have semilunar valves that prevents the backflow of blood

Question 13

Plasma contains (7)

Answer 13

Urea
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Protein (fibrinogen)
Water
Antibodies
Hormones

Question 14

Plasma transport

Answer 14

Digested food products
Excretory products
Chemical messages

Question 15

Plasma does

Answer 15

Maintains steady body temperature
Acts as a buffer

Question 16

Blood cells

Answer 16

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

Question 17

Red blood cells: made

Answer 17

Made in the bone marrow

Question 18

Red blood cells: contain

Answer 18

Haemoglobin that carries oxygen and give their red color

Question 19

Red blood cells: function

Answer 19

Transports oxygen from lungs to all cells

Question 20

Red blood cells: adaptations

Answer 20

Biconcave disc shape - provides large SA/V ratio so oxygen can diffuse rapidly.
They are packed with haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen.
No nucleus - leaves more space for haemoglobin to carry oxygen

Question 21

Platelets: made

Answer 21

Made in the bone marrow

Question 22

Platelets: function

Answer 22

Involved in blood clotting

Question 23

White blood cells: made

Answer 23

Made in the bone marrow

Question 24

White blood cells: function

Answer 24

Protect the body against invasion by pathogens

Question 25

White blood cells

Answer 25

Phagocytes Lymphocytes

Question 26

Phagocytes

Answer 26

They defend the body by engulfing and digesting the pathogen

Question 27

Lymphocytes

Answer 27

They defend the body by producing antibodies

Question 28

Phagocytes structure

Answer 28

Lobed nucleus Contains granules

Question 30

Pulmonary

Answer 30

Lungs

Question 31

Hepatic

Answer 31

Liver

Question 32

Renal

Answer 32

Kidney

Question 33

Coronary

Answer 33

Heart

Question 34

Why don’t unicellular organisms need specialised transport systems for the exchange of substances?

Answer 34

Unicellular organisms don’t not need specialised transport systems because they have a very large surface area to volume ratio. This allows diffusion at the cell surface to meet the organism’s needs

Question 35

Why unicellular organisms do not need transport systems

Answer 35

Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell so the diffusion distance is relation. This short diffusion distance means that a transport system is not needed

Question 36

Why do multicellular organisms need transport systems

Answer 36

Multicellular organisms need transport systems because they contain many layers of cells which increases the diffusion distances involved in the movement of substances. Diffusion alone would take too long to reach all of the cells

Question 37

Phloem

Question 38

Where does phloem transport occur

Answer 38

From the photosynthesising leaves to the rest of the plant

Question 39

What is the vascular tissue of plants

Answer 39

Phloem and xylem together make up the vascular tissue in plants. This vascular tissue is the plant transport system

Question 40

In what form are sugars transported in the phloem vessels

Answer 40

In the form of sucrose

Question 41

Xylem

Question 42

How are root hair cells adapted to aid the absorption of water and mineral ions?

Answer 42

They have a large surface area They contain mitochondria which releases energy for active transport

Question 43

How do minerals move into the root hair cells

Answer 43

By active transport

Question 44

Only water

Answer 44

Can move by osmosis

Question 45

Transpiration

Answer 45

Is the loss of water vapour from the leaves of the plant by evaporation

Question 46

What is the role of spongy mesophyll cells in transpiration?

Answer 46

Water vapour evaporates from the surface of spongy mesophyll cells and enter air spaces. From here water vapour diffuses out of the leaf

Question 47

How does transpiration stop when the guard cells close the stomata

Answer 47

Guard cells can cause the stomata to close preventing water vapour from exiting the lead and stopping transpiration

Question 49

Transpiration involves the loss of water from

Answer 49

The xylem of plants

Question 50

By what process does water vapour exit the leaf air spaces

Answer 50

By diffusion

Question 51

What factors affect the rate of transpiration in plants

Answer 51

Humidity Wind speed/air movement Temperature Light intensity

Question 52

What happens to transpiration rate as light intensity increases

Answer 52

Transport rate increases

Question 53

Why does transpiration rate increase at high light intensity

Answer 53

It increases with light intensity because the stomata opens at high light intensities to enable gas exchange for photosynthesis

Question 54

What happens to transpiration as temperature decreases

Answer 54

transpiration rate decreases

Question 55

Why does transpiration rate increase at higher temperatures

Answer 55

At higher temperatures water molecules have more kinetic energy and are more likely to diffuse out the stomata

Question 56

As wind speed increases

Answer 56

Transpiration rate increases

Question 57

Why do transpiration occur faster on a windy day?

Answer 57

Transpiration is faster on a windy day because wind blows water vapors away from the surface of leaves maintaining a water vapor concentration gradient between the inside and outside of leaves

Question 58

Increasing humidity

Answer 58

Decreases the rate of transpiration

Question 59

What are the coronary arteries responsible for?

Answer 59

The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood

Question 60

CHD

Answer 60

Coronary heart disease

Question 61

How does coronary heart disease occur

Answer 61

It occurs when fatty deposits (plaque) build up inside the coronary arteries reducing blood flow and depriving the heart muscles of oxygen

Question 62

How does plaque/fatty deposits buildup in the coronary artery

Answer 62

Plaque buildup narrows the arteries reducing blood flow and causing a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle. This can lead to angina (chest pain) or a heart attack

Question 63

Risk factors for CHD

Answer 63

Smoking High blood pressure Obesity High cholesterol