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Transport Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
A
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2
Q

Main types of blood vessels

A

Artery
Capillary
Vein

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3
Q

Artery structure

A

Thick layer of muscles
Narrow lumen

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4
Q

Artery (5)

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart
Almost all arteries carry oxygenated blood except for pulmonary artery
Have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres
Have narrow lumen
Blood flows through at a high pressure

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5
Q

Structure related to function: artery

A

The thick muscular wall of the arteries help to withstand high blood pressure.
The wall of the arteries contain elastic fibres allowing the arteries to stretch and recoil maintaining high blood pressure.
The narrow lumen also helps to maintain high pressure

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6
Q

Capillary structure

A

Lumen

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7
Q

Capillary

A

Capillaries connect arteries to vein.
The primary function of capillaries is the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.

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8
Q

Structure related to function: capillary

A

It has a very narrow lumen, so RBC can move in a single file, increasing their SA during exchange of materials.
Capillary have walls that are one cell thick (short diffusion distance) so materials can be diffused quickly.
Contain microscopic pores on their walls allowing plasma to leak through them forming tissue fluid.

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9
Q

Vein structure

A

Thin wall with less muscles and elastic fibres
Large lumen

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10
Q

Vein

A

Veins carry blood towards heart
Most veins carry deoxygenated blood except for pulmonary artery
The pressure is much lower in veins than arteries

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11
Q

Veins (valves)

A

The skeletal muscles contract to propel the blood in the veins towards the heart.
The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood in the vein.

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12
Q

Structure related to function: Veins

A

Veins have wide lumen allowing large volume of blood to flow without resistance
Veins have semilunar valves that prevents the backflow of blood

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13
Q

Plasma contains (7)

A

Urea
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Protein (fibrinogen)
Water
Antibodies
Hormones

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14
Q

Plasma transport

A

Digested food products
Excretory products
Chemical messages

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15
Q

Plasma does

A

Maintains steady body temperature
Acts as a buffer

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16
Q

Blood cells

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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17
Q

Red blood cells: made

A

Made in the bone marrow

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18
Q

Red blood cells: contain

A

Haemoglobin that carries oxygen and give their red color

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19
Q

Red blood cells: function

A

Transports oxygen from lungs to all cells

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20
Q

Red blood cells: adaptations

A

Biconcave disc shape - provides large SA/V ratio so oxygen can diffuse rapidly.
They are packed with haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen.
No nucleus - leaves more space for haemoglobin to carry oxygen

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21
Q

Platelets: made

A

Made in the bone marrow

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22
Q

Platelets: function

A

Involved in blood clotting

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23
Q

White blood cells: made

A

Made in the bone marrow

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24
Q

White blood cells: function

A

Protect the body against invasion by pathogens

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25
Q

White blood cells

A

Phagocytes
Lymphocytes

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26
Q

Phagocytes

A

They defend the body by engulfing and digesting the pathogen

27
Q

Lymphocytes

A

They defend the body by producing antibodies

28
Q

Phagocytes structure

A

Lobed nucleus
Contains granules

29
Q
A
30
Q

Pulmonary

A

Lungs

31
Q

Hepatic

A

Liver

32
Q

Renal

A

Kidney

33
Q

Coronary

A

Heart

34
Q

Why don’t unicellular organisms need specialised transport systems for the exchange of substances?

A

Unicellular organisms don’t not need specialised transport systems because they have a very large surface area to volume ratio. This allows diffusion at the cell surface to meet the organism’s needs

35
Q

Why unicellular organisms do not need transport systems

A

Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell so the diffusion distance is relation. This short diffusion distance means that a transport system is not needed

36
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need transport systems

A

Multicellular organisms need transport systems because they contain many layers of cells which increases the diffusion distances involved in the movement of substances. Diffusion alone would take too long to reach all of the cells

37
Q

Phloem

A
38
Q

Where does phloem transport occur

A

From the photosynthesising leaves to the rest of the plant

39
Q

What is the vascular tissue of plants

A

Phloem and xylem together make up the vascular tissue in plants. This vascular tissue is the plant transport system

40
Q

In what form are sugars transported in the phloem vessels

A

In the form of sucrose

41
Q

Xylem

A
42
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to aid the absorption of water and mineral ions?

A

They have a large surface area
They contain mitochondria which releases energy for active transport

43
Q

How do minerals move into the root hair cells

A

By active transport

44
Q

Only water

A

Can move by osmosis

45
Q

Transpiration

A

Is the loss of water vapour from the leaves of the plant by evaporation

46
Q

What is the role of spongy mesophyll cells in transpiration?

A

Water vapour evaporates from the surface of spongy mesophyll cells and enter air spaces. From here water vapour diffuses out of the leaf

47
Q

How does transpiration stop when the guard cells close the stomata

A

Guard cells can cause the stomata to close preventing water vapour from exiting the lead and stopping transpiration

48
Q
A
49
Q

Transpiration involves the loss of water from

A

The xylem of plants

50
Q

By what process does water vapour exit the leaf air spaces

A

By diffusion

51
Q

What factors affect the rate of transpiration in plants

A

Humidity
Wind speed/air movement
Temperature
Light intensity

52
Q

What happens to transpiration rate as light intensity increases

A

Transport rate increases

53
Q

Why does transpiration rate increase at high light intensity

A

It increases with light intensity because the stomata opens at high light intensities to enable gas exchange for photosynthesis

54
Q

What happens to transpiration as temperature decreases

A

transpiration rate decreases

55
Q

Why does transpiration rate increase at higher temperatures

A

At higher temperatures water molecules have more kinetic energy and are more likely to diffuse out the stomata

56
Q

As wind speed increases

A

Transpiration rate increases

57
Q

Why do transpiration occur faster on a windy day?

A

Transpiration is faster on a windy day because wind blows water vapors away from the surface of leaves maintaining a water vapor concentration gradient between the inside and outside of leaves

58
Q

Increasing humidity

A

Decreases the rate of transpiration

59
Q

What are the coronary arteries responsible for?

A

The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood

60
Q

CHD

A

Coronary heart disease

61
Q

How does coronary heart disease occur

A

It occurs when fatty deposits (plaque) build up inside the coronary arteries reducing blood flow and depriving the heart muscles of oxygen

62
Q

How does plaque/fatty deposits buildup in the coronary artery

A

Plaque buildup narrows the arteries reducing blood flow and causing a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle. This can lead to angina (chest pain) or a heart attack

63
Q

Risk factors for CHD

A

Smoking
High blood pressure
Obesity
High cholesterol

64
Q
A

Bio (22 decks)

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