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PHGY 209 > TRANSPORT MECHANISMS > Flashcards

TRANSPORT MECHANISMS Flashcards

1
Q

The cell membrane is (selectively/nonselective) permeable and restricts the movement of _______ ______

A

selectively and soluble gases

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2
Q

High or Low Permeability: Dissolved Gases (O2, CO2)

A

High Permeability

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3
Q

High or Low Permeability: Small uncharged molecules

A

High Permeability

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4
Q

High or Low Permeability: H2O

A

High Permeability

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5
Q

High or Low Permeability: Lipid Soluble Substances

A

High Permeability

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6
Q

High or Low Permeability: Larger Molecules

A

Low Permeability

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7
Q

High or Low Permeability: Charged Particles

A

Low Permeability

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8
Q

Match: Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic - polar/non-polar

A

Hydrophilic - polar

Hydrophobic - non-polar

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9
Q

Cell membrane consists of _____ heads and ______ tails

A

Hydrophilic, hydrophobic

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10
Q

Structure of cell membrane

A

Bimolecular Phospholipid Bilayer

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11
Q

Amphipathic

A

Polar and Non-Polar ends

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12
Q

Where is cholesterol inserted?

A

Bilayer

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13
Q

Purpose of cholesterol bilayer insertion

A
  • Reduces packing of fatty acid tails (slightly amphipathic)
  • Increases membrane fluidity
  • Formation of vesicles
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14
Q

Glycocalyx

A

A layer of carbohydrates formed by a chain of monosaccharides

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15
Q

What is glycocalyx bound to?

A

Protein

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16
Q

Purpose of glycocalyx

A

Protection, identify and interact with other cells

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17
Q

Two types of membrane proteins

A

Integral and Peripheral

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18
Q

What are integral proteins

A

Mostly cross the membrane, closely associated with phospholipids, for transport

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19
Q

What are peripheral proteins

A

Loosely associated, mostly on the cytoplasmic side

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20
Q

Cell membrane is not ________

A

static

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21
Q

What are the functions of Membrane Proteins? (6)

A
  1. Transport/diffusion of molecules in and out of cells
  2. acts of enzymes that catalyze membrane reactions
  3. receptor of signals from the cell environment
  4. Cell surface identity markers
  5. Cell to cell adhesion
  6. Attachment to cytoskeleton
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22
Q

Types of Transport Mechanisms

A

Passive and Active

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23
Q

Match: Passive/Active - Energy dependent/independent

A

Passive - Energy independent

Active - Energy-dependent

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24
Q

Types of passive transport mechanisms (3)

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Facilitated Diffusion
  3. Osmosis
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25
Q

Types of active transport mechanisms (1ab-2)

A
  1. Active Transport
    - primary, secondary
  2. Pino/Phagocytosis
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26
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of molecules from one location to another due to random thermal motion

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27
Q

What is flux?

A

amount of particles crossing a surface/time

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28
Q

What is net flux?

A

high concentration to lower concentration

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29
Q

What are the flux and net flux at equilibrium?

A

Flux - equal

Net flux = 0

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30
Q

When cells are exposed to a large extracellular solution the concentration is _______

A

constant

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31
Q

DIffusion time is proportional to the _____ of the ______

A

square of the distance

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32
Q

Diffusion is only effective over _____ distances

A

short

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33
Q

Factors that affect diffusion: (5)

A 
Mass of molecule
concentration gradient (cell membrane)
Lipid solubility
Electrical Charge
Availability of ion channels and membrane carriers
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34
Q

How do molecules cross membranes?

A

Dissolving in lipid component (non-polar)

Diffusing through the channel (ions)

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35
Q

Ion channels consist of one or clusters of _______

A

Proteins

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36
Q

The movement of ions is affected by an ________ gradient

A

Electrical

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37
Q

What is ion channel gating?

A

Ion channel can exist in open and closed state

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38
Q

What are the types of ion channel gating?

A

Ligand Gated
Voltage-Gated
Mechanically Gated

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39
Q

What does the voltage gate depend on?

A

conductance, how often/long it opens

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40
Q

What does the Ligand gate depend on?

A

Presence of Ligands

41
Q

The movement of ions and molecules by integral proteins (transporters)

A

Mediated-Transport Systems

42
Q

Speed of Mediated Transport systems vs Ion Channels

A

Mediated Transport systems are much slower than Ion Channels

43
Q

Two types of Mediated Transport systems?

A

Facilitated Diffusion and Active Transport

44
Q

Characteristics of Mediated Transport (3)

A

Specificity (one particular molecule), Saturation (binding sites are occupied), Competition (structurally similar substance compete for binding site)

45
Q

Factors of Flux Magnitude (4)

A
  1. Solute Concentration
  2. Affinity of Transporters
  3. Number of Transports
  4. Rate of Transporters conformational change
46
Q

What may increase facilitated diffusion?

A

hormones

47
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

carrier

which enables solute to penetrate the membrane

48
Q

Facilitated diffusion is _______ mediated

A

Transporter (carrier)

49
Q

Facilitated diffusion (does/does not) require energy

A

Does not

50
Q

Facilitated diffusions net flux from ____ to ____ concentration

A

high to low concentration

51
Q

Active Transport (does/does not) require energy

A

does

52
Q

Active Transport obtains energy through the ______ of ______

A

Hydrolysis of ATP

53
Q

Active Transport goes ______ the concentration gradient

A

against

54
Q

Active transport is susceptible to ______ ______

A

metabolic inhibitors

55
Q

Two types of Active Transport?

A

Primary and Secondary

56
Q

How does Primary Active Transport occur?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP

57
Q

Phosphorylation of transporter changes the __________ and __________

A

Confirmation and Solute Binding Affinity

58
Q

How does Secondary Active Transport occur?

A

Uses energy stored in the electrochemical gradient to move the ion and transported solute

59
Q

What does secondary transport depend on?

A

Primary Transport

60
Q

Cotransport

A

Solute transport in the same direction as Na+ (symport)

61
Q

Counter Transport

A

Solute transport in opposite direction as Na+ (antiport)

62
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cell membrane invaginates and pinches off to form a vesicle

Materials inside to outside the cell

63
Q

Exocytosis

A

intercellular vesicle fuse with cell membrane, contents released into ECF
Materials outside to inside the cell

64
Q

2 Types of Exocytosis

A

Constitutive and Regulated

65
Q

2 Types of Endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis

66
Q

Constitutive

A

non-regulated, functions to replace plasma membrane

67
Q

Regulated

A

triggered by extracellular signals, increase of calcium ion

68
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Engulfs extracellular fluid, solutes

69
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Binds and internalizes matter (dust particles, cell debris, microorganisms)
Form large vesicles (phagosomes) –> fuse with lysosomes where contents are degraded

70
Q

Two types of receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Catherine dependent

71
Q

What is Catherine dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A 
The receptor binds to the ligand
Catherine proteins forming a clathrin-coated pit
Vesicle forms
unbound ligands to the nucleus
receptor recycled to the membrane
fuse with lysosome
72
Q

What is potocytosis? also known as

A

molecules are sequestered and transported by tiny vesicles, Catherine independent

73
Q

Tiny vesicles in potocytosis

A

caveolae

74
Q

Deliver to the cell cytoplasm, ER, other organelles, or other plasma membranes

A

potocytosis

75
Q

Deliver molecules to other plasma membranes

A

transcytosis

76
Q

Diffusion of water occurs by

A

facilitated by proteins (aquaporins)

77
Q

aquaporins form ______ channels

A

permeable

78
Q

Osmosis

A

Net diffusion of H2O

79
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The pressure required to prevent movement of H2O

The difference in Hydro Static Pressures

80
Q

Osmolarity

A

Total Solute Concentration

81
Q

How many osmols in 1M NaCl

A

2 osmol: 1 osmol (Na+) + 1 osmol (Ca-)

82
Q

Isomotic Solution (mOsm)

A

300 mOsm

83
Q

Hypoosmotic Solution (mOsm)

A

Less than 300 mOsm

84
Q

Hyperosmotic Solution (mOsm)

A

Greater than 300 mOsm

85
Q

What are non-penetrating molecules?

A

particles not able to cross the membrane

86
Q

molecules pumped against the concentration gradient

A

non-penetrating molecules

87
Q

Isotonic Solution (mOsm)

A

Solution of 300 mOsm with non-penetrating particles

88
Q

Hypotonic Solution (mOsm)

A

Solution of less than 300 mOsm with non-penetrating particles

89
Q

Hypertonic Solution (mOsm)

A

Solution of more than 300 mOsm with non-penetrating particles

90
Q

What is the capillary wall?

A

Single-layer of flattened endothelial cells and a supporting basement membrane

91
Q

Where does the main exchange of solutions take place?

A

Capillaries

92
Q

What does the capillary wall allow for?

A

Acts as a filter that allows protein-free plasma from capillaries to ISF

93
Q

Endocytosis on the luminal side

A

Transcytosis

94
Q

Transport in vesicle across cell

A

Transcytosis

95
Q

Exocytosis on interstitial side

A

Transcytosis

96
Q

Distributes the ECF fluid volume between the plasma and ICF

A

Bulk Flow

97
Q

The magnitude of Bulk flow

A

hydrostatic pressure between plasma and ISF

98
Q

FACILITATED DIFFUSION involves the presence of a

A

“transporter” or “carrier” molecule

99
Q

Common molecules transported by facilitated diffusion

A

glucose

PHGY 209 (10 decks)

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