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PHGY 209 > Muscle/Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Muscle/Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

the muscle used for posture and locomotion

A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

The muscle that enables out arms and legs to contract, under our conscious control

A

Skeletal muscle

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3
Q

The muscle responsible for the rhythmic contractions of the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

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4
Q

The muscle that causes involuntary contraction in blood vessels, gut, bronchi, and the uterus

A

Smooth muscle

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5
Q

Muscle is attached at each end to

A

Tendons

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6
Q

Tendons connect … to …

A

muscle to bone

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7
Q

Contraction of skeletal muscle pulls on the …. resulting in the …. of the joints

A

Contraction of skeletal muscle pulls on the tendons resulting in flexion of the joints.

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8
Q

Skeletal muscle is composed of

A

bundles of long (up to 1 ft) thin cells called muscle fibers.

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9
Q

bundles of long (up to 1 ft) thin cells

A

muscle fibers.

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10
Q

Mature muscle fibers

A

long thin cells with many nuclei

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11
Q

appearance of the fiber

A

striped

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12
Q

Muscle fibers are generated during development by the

A

fusion of a large number of small precursor cells called myoblasts

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13
Q

small precursor cells of muscle

A

myoblasts

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14
Q

Each myobast is a single/multi nucleated cell

A

single

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15
Q

Each muscle fiber is a single/multi nucleated cell

A

multi

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers consist of

A

cylindrical bundles called

myofibrils

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17
Q

cylindrical bundles in muscle fibers

A

myofibrils

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18
Q

The striations within each myofibril are caused by

A

alternating light I-bands and dark A-bands

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19
Q

I bands

A

light region of myofibril

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20
Q

A bands

A

dark region of myofibril

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21
Q

Z-line

A

dark line in the center of each light band

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22
Q

sarcomere

A

distance from Z line to Z line

Contractile unit of skeletal muscle

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23
Q

M line

A

line in the center of each dark band

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24
Q

H zone

A

region of non overlapping A bands, just thick filament

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25
Q

Each sarcomere consists of two sets of

A

parallel and partially overlapping protein filaments

thick and thin

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26
Q

(thick/thin) filaments: extending from one end

of the A band to the other

A

Thick

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27
Q

(thick/thin) filaments: attached to the Z lines and extending across the I band and part way into the A band

A

Thin

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28
Q

Cross bridges

A

Attach the thick filaments to the thin filaments

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29
Q

The myofibril is a lattice of thick/thin/both filaments

A

the myofibril is a lattice of thick and thin filaments.

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30
Q

H Zone has thick/thin/both filaments

A

thick filaments

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31
Q

I Zone has thick/thin/both filaments

A

thick filaments

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32
Q

A band has thick/thin/both filaments

A

both filaments

overlap of thick and thin filaments

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33
Q

Thin filaments are made of

A

actin

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34
Q

each actin filament is formed from

A

two chains of globular actin subunits, twisted into a helix.

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35
Q

Thick filaments are made of

A

myosin

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36
Q

Thicks filaments consist of ______ bundles

A

myosin bundles

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37
Q

Sliding filament reaction is driven by

A

ATP hydrolysis

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38
Q

What occurs in the sliding filament model?

A

The thin filaments are pulled over the thick filaments by the myosin head groups, which repeatedly grab, pull and release the thin filaments.

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39
Q

What occurs when thin filaments slide over thick filaments

A

the sarcomere contracts

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40
Q

Contraction of the sarcomeres results in

A

the shortening of the entire myofibril

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41
Q

The amount of tension a muscle fiber can develop depends on

A

fiber length

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42
Q

length-tension relation reflects

A

the degree overlap between thick and thin filaments

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43
Q

The cross-bridge cycle is driven by

A

ATP binding and hydrolysis by the myosin head groups

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44
Q

How does the cross bridge release from the actin?

A

binding of ATP

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45
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates.

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46
Q

Number of fibers innervated by a single motor neuron

A

Range from 10 to 100 to several thousand

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47
Q

Muscles with 10 fibers innervated by a single motor neuron

A

extraocular muscles

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48
Q

Muscles with 100 fibers innervated by a single motor neuron

A

muscles of the hand

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49
Q

Muscles with several thousand fibers innervated by a single motor neuron

A

large flexor and extensor muscles of leg

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50
Q

Neuromuscular transmission steps (5)

A
  1. Action potential in motor neuron
  2. Acetylcholine release at presynaptic terminal.
    1. Na+ influx through activated nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
  4. Endplate potential.
  5. Fiber action potential
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51
Q

size of the motor synapse vs brain synpase

A

Motor synapse are much larger than brain synpase

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52
Q

What does. the action potential cause muscle to do?

A

contract

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53
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

filled with calicum

intercellular component inside muscle fiber

54
Q

T-tubles

A

extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the centre of the muscle fibers

55
Q

Activation of the Ryanodine Receptor

A

Causes Ca2+ efflux from the SR

Moves calcium into the cytoplasm

56
Q

What does the released calcium from the SR bind to

A

troponin on the thin filaments

57
Q

The binding of calcium to troponin causes

A

a conformation change

58
Q

Conformation change of troponin allows the

A

myosin binding site on actin to be free and the heads of the thick filaments can bind

59
Q

Contraction of muscle fiber in response to a single action potential is called a

A

twitch

60
Q

Why does the twitch lags behind the muscle action potential?

A

-because of the delays associated with excitation-contraction coupling

61
Q

the delays associated with excitation-contraction coupling are due to

A

the time it takes for the calcium concentration in the muscle cell to return to baseline

62
Q

Force generated by a muscle is called

A

tension

63
Q

The tension exerted by a whole muscle is controlled by (2)

A

recruitment and summation

64
Q

an increase in the number of active fibres with the addition of motor units

A

recruitment

65
Q

the additive effects of several closely spaced twitches.

A

summation

66
Q

Motor neurons typically fire in bursts, resulting in, sustained contraction of the muscle fiber, called

A

tetanus

67
Q

Muscle fiber activity requires large amounts of

A

energy

68
Q

There is only enough premade ATP in a muscle fiber to last for

A

a few twitches

69
Q

Transfer of a P from creatine phosphate to ADP creates

A

enough ATP for a few seconds of muscle activity

70
Q

Levels of ATP are sustained during prolonged muscle activity by

A

glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation

71
Q

What provides the fuel?

A

Glycogen in the muscle and glucose and fatty acids from the blood

72
Q

Muscle fibers store energy in the form a

A

glycogen

73
Q

a polysaccharide comprising long chains of glucose molecules.

A

glycogen

74
Q

Types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Fast glycolytic fibers, Slow oxidative fibers, Fast oxidative fibers

75
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers, Slow oxidative fibers, Fast oxidative fibers: Myosin with high ATPase activity.

A

Fast glycolytic fibers

76
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers, Slow oxidative fibers, Fast oxidative fibers: For generation of large force over short periods of time.

A

Fast glycolytic fibers

77
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers, Slow oxidative fibers, Fast oxidative fibers: no myoglobin (“white muscle”)

A

Fast glycolytic fibers

78
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers, Slow oxidative fibers, Fast oxidative fibers:
Myosin with low ATPase activity.

A

Slow oxidative fibers

79
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers, Slow oxidative fibers, Fast oxidative fibers:
Myoglobin to facilitate oxygen transport from blood (“red muscle”).

A

Slow oxidative fibers

80
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers, Slow oxidative fibers, Fast oxidative fibers:
For generation of low levels of force over long periods of time.

A

Slow oxidative fibers

81
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers, Slow oxidative fibers, Fast oxidative fibers:
Intermediate properties. “Fast” myosin and oxidative metabolism.

A

Fast oxidative fibers

82
Q

protects muscle from damage

A

Fatigue

83
Q

T/F Fatigue is caused by depletion of ATP

A

F

84
Q

Responsible for muscle fatigue

A

number of complex mechanisms

85
Q

Which of the following would not muscle fatigue?

  • changes in ion gradients
  • reduction in pH due to build up of lactic acid
  • depletion of glycogen
  • damaged tissue
  • Failure of command signals from the CNS
A

damaged tissue

86
Q

Changes in muscle physiology depend on the type

A

of excerise

87
Q

Low intensity, exercise causes

A

increased ability of muscle fibers to extract ATP energy through oxidative metabolism.

muscles more efficent

88
Q

High-intensity, short-duration exercise causes

A

increase in the diameter of fast glycolytic fibers and muscle hypertrophy.

89
Q

What does inflammation in response to muscle damage result in?

A

Muscle soreness

90
Q

Released by damaged tissues

A

Factors that may be involved in muscle changes in response to exercise

91
Q

Muscles that have a contraction that involves myosin thick filaments pulling on actin thin filaments

A

Smooth and skeletal muscle

92
Q

Muscles that have actin and myosin have highly ordered structure

A

skeletal and cardiac muscle

93
Q

What muscle lacks striations?

A

smooth muscle

94
Q

Calcium in smooth vs skeletal muscle

A

Calcium can come from many different places in smooth muscle

95
Q

The activity of the smooth muscle is regulated by many types

A

of extracellular signals, including hormones and neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system

96
Q

a sensory and motor system, innervating visceral tissues and organs.

A

autonomic nervous system

97
Q

The autonomic nervous system is trying to maintain a relatively stable internal environment known as

A

homeostasis

98
Q

The autonomic nervous system has three major divisions:

A

the sympathetic system, the parasympathetic system and the enteric system.

99
Q

innervate cardiac and smooth muscle and glandular tissue,

A

the sympathetic system, the parasympathetic system

100
Q

controls the digestive tract

A

enteric system

101
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems typically have _______ effects on target tissues

A

opposing

102
Q

governs emergency fight-or-flight reactions

A

sympathetic system

103
Q

responsible for rest-and-digest processes

A

parasympathetic system

104
Q

The autonomic motor neurons are located

- in groups called

A

outside the spinal cord in cell groups called the autonomic ganglia

105
Q

autonomic motor neurons are activated by

A

preganglionic neurons

106
Q

preganglionic neurons have cell bodies located in the

A

spinal cord or brainstem

107
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release

A

acetylcholine

108
Q

acetylcholine activates …

through…

A
  • postganglionic neurons

- nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

109
Q

sympathetic postganglionic neurons release

A

norepinephrine

110
Q

modulates target tissues through interaction with a-adrenergic and b-adrenergic receptors

A

norepinephrine

111
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

acetylcholine

112
Q

Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release

A

acetylcholine

113
Q

—- afferents modulates the target tissue through activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

A

Excitatory ACh

114
Q

emerge from the brainstem (cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X) and the sacral spinal cord

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

115
Q

emerge from the thoracic and lumbar chord

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

116
Q

form interconnected chains on either side of the chord

A

sympathetic ganglia

known as sympathetic trunks

117
Q

increases heart rate and the strength of heart contraction

A

Sympathetic stimulation

118
Q

decreases heart rate and contraction

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

119
Q

Most sensory information from visceral organs reaches the brain by way of the

A

cranial nerve

120
Q

integrates visceral sensory inputs and autonomic outputs and projects to higher brain centres involved in homeostasis

A

The brainstem

121
Q

Controls the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas and the gallbladder

A

Enteric Nervous System

122
Q

control smooth muscle in the gut as well as local blood vessels and secretion by the mucosa.

A

Enteric motor neurons

123
Q

how many neurons does the human enteric system contains

A

100 million neurons,

124
Q

T/F: The human enteric system can not function normally in the absence of external neuronal input

A

F: highly autonomous and can function normally in the absence of external neuronal input.

125
Q

plays a critical role in integrating autonomic responses and endocrine function with behavior, to maintain basic homeostatic requirements of everyday life.

A

The hypothalamus

126
Q

hypothalamus regulates

A
  1. Blood pressure and electrolyte balance.
  2. Body temperature.
  3. Energy metabolism
  4. Reproduction
  5. Emergency responses to stress
127
Q

hypothalamus receives sensory information from

A

the entire body, and from brain regions involved in cognition, emotion and memory

128
Q

The hypothalamus compares sensory information with

A

biological set points

129
Q

When it detects a deviation from a set point

A

restore homeostasis: it coordinates autonomic, endocrine and behavioural responses

130
Q

The autonomic nervous system and hypothalamus

interact with other brain regions, including

A

amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex

131
Q

Brain parts that relate visceral responses to conscious

feelings and connect emotions to memories.

A

amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex

PHGY 209 (10 decks)

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