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PHGY 209 > BLOOD > Flashcards

BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of the body mass is blood?

A

7%

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2
Q

How many litres of blood are in the body?

A

5L

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3
Q

What are the functions of Blood? (3)

A

Transport
Acid-Base Balance
Protective

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4
Q

What are the transport blood functions?

A

Nutritive, Respiratory, Excretory, Hormone Transport

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5
Q

What are the acid-base balance blood functions?

A

Regulation (normal ph range of 7.30-7.45)

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6
Q

What are the protective blood functions?

A

Some blood cells, and some blood proteins

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7
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Plasma, Buffy Layer, RBCs

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8
Q

Normal Blood Volume

A

Normovolemia

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9
Q

Lower Blood Volume

A

Hypovolemia

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10
Q

Higher Blood Volume

A

Hypervolemia

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11
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A 
90% water
Ions (0.9% NaCl)
Nutrients 
Respiratory Gases
Proteins
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12
Q

3 Types of plasma proteins

A

Albumins. Globulins, Fibrinogen

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13
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of Blood Volume occupied by Red Blood Cells

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14
Q

4 ways to separate Plasma Proteins

A
  1. Differential Precipitation by salts
  2. Sedimentation in an ultracentrifuge
  3. Electrophoretic Mobility
  4. Immunological Characteristics
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15
Q

What is electrophoresis?

A

Fractionation method based on the movement of charged particles along a voltage gradient

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16
Q

Rate of Migration

A

is influenced by # and distribution of charges and molecular weight of each protein

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17
Q

% of Albumins

A

60

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18
Q

% of Globulins

A

35

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19
Q

% of Fibrinogen

A

5

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20
Q

Origin of plasma proteins in the liver?

A

Albumin, Fibrinogen, a1,a2, B Globulin

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21
Q

Origin of plasma proteins in the lymphoid tissue?

A

Y globulin

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22
Q

The ___ is the origin of each type of plasma protein except Y globulins

A

liver

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23
Q

What happens to plasma proteins if the liver is diseased

A

plasma proteins decreased

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24
Q

What happens to plasma proteins during a renal disease?

A

decrease of Albumin

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25
What happens to plasma proteins during a bacterial infection?
increase of Y (gamma) globulin
26
Net Flow
for water to move | the difference in osmotic pressure
27
Only __________ solutes contribute to the effective osmotic pressure
Non-Diffusible
28
What solutes do not contribute to the effective osmotic pressure? Why?
Diffusible
29
Plasma Proteins are diffusible/non-diffusible
non-diffusible
30
Exerting an osmotic effect
colloidal osmotic pressure
31
What is the colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma?
25 mm Hg
32
What happens when the colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma increases?
water flows into plasma
33
What happens when the colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma decreases?
water will flow into ISF
34
What is the role of plasma proteins? (3)
1. Determines the distribution of fluid between the plasma and ISF by controlling transcapillary dynamics 2. Contribute to the viscosity of plasma by maintaining blood pressure 3. Contribute to the buffering power of plasma to maintain normal pH 7.30-7.45
35
Is there protein diffusion across the capillary wall
No protein diffusion
36
What is the major contribution to the colloidal osmotic pressure?
No protein diffusion across the capillary wall
37
What does the colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma determine?
Amount of water into or out of capillaries
38
Bulk Flow
- hydrostatic pressure difference between the compartments | - flow of molecules subjected to a pressure difference
39
2 Transcapillary Dynamics
Filtration | Osmotic Flow
40
What does filtration do?
tends to push out the fluid from inside the capillaries
41
What does osmotic flow do?
due to plasma proteins and tend to pull in or retain fluid inside capillaries
42
The magnitude of bulk flow
hydrostatic pressure difference
43
What type of forces are filtration and osmotic flow?
starling forces
44
what do starling forces determine?
The distribution of ECF volume between the plasma and ISF
45
Diffusion
The exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes across the capillary wall
46
The main organ in the circulatory system
Heart
47
Capillary Bed
the site where exchanges take place between plasma and ISF
48
Arterial
Blood enters capillaries
49
Venous
Blood exits capillaries
50
Net filtration pressure
the total pressure that promotes filtration
51
Net absorption pressure
the total pressure that promotes absorption
52
where do exchanges take place?
along the whole length
53
What percentage of fluid filtered out is reabsorbed directly back into the capillary?
90%
54
What percentage of fluid filtered out is drained by lymphatic vessels?
10%
55
Lymphatic System
- network of blind-ended terminal tubules - coalesce to form lymphatic vessels - converge to form large lymphatic ducts - drain into large veins in the chest
56
Order of plasma protein concentrations
Fibrinogen < Globulins < Albumin
57
Order of plasma protein molecular weight
Albumin < Globulins < Fibrinogen
58
Order of plasma protein C.O.P
Fibrinogen < Globulins < Albumin
59
Most abundant plasma proteins
Albumin
60
Proteins exert osmotic pressure - related to - inversely related to
related to concentration | inversely related to molecular weight
61
Factors of Transcapillary Dynamics (4)
1. hydrostatic pressure 2. C.O.P 3. capillary permeability 4. lymphatic drainage
62
Edema
Accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces
63
Conditions that lead to edema
increased hydrostatic pressure decreased plasma protein - (C.O.P) increasing capillary permeability obstruction of lymphatic drainage
64
Why does hydrostatic pressure increase?
Net filtration increases | Net absorption decreases
65
Why does C.O.P. decrease?
Failure to synthesize plasma proteins (Liver disease) Loss of protein (Kidney disease) Severe protein malnutrition (KWASHIORKOR)
66
Why does capillary permeability increase?
The capillary wall becomes more permeable - more plasma proteins escape into ISF - which exert an oncotic effect
67
How does lymphatic drainage become obstructed?
Elephantiasis resulting from parasite infestation
68
Fibrinogen and some globulins are essential to _________
clotting
69
Y-globulin provides
specific resistance to infection
70
Albumin and some globulins act as
carriers for lipids, minerals, hormones | - cholesterol, iron, steroid hormones
71
Types of Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells - erythrocytes Platelets - thrombocytes White Blood Cells - Leukocytes
72
Size of Red Blood Cells
7.2μ
73
Size of Platelets
2-3μ
74
Size of White Blood Cells
10-18μ
75
Order the size of the 3 Blood Cells
Platelets < Red Blood Cells < White Blood Cells
76
The lifespan of Red Blood Cells
120d
77
The lifespan of Platelets
7-8d
78
The lifespan of White Blood Cells
hrs-yrs
79
Cytokines
substances that are released by one cell and affect the growth and development and activity of another cell
80
What do cytokines influence
Proliferation and differentiation of blood cell precursors - hematopoietic growth factors
81
Prenatal Sites of Hematopoiesis
Liver and spleen
82
Postnatal Sites of Hematopoiesis
Axial skeleton, distal long bones, flat bones of skull, shoulder blades, pelvis, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, rounded end of long bones
83
Complete blood count
RBC, WBC, platelet, Hb concentration
84
Function of RBCs
facilitate the transport of respiratory gases between lungs and cells
85
What are blood cells derived from?
Multipotential stem cell, committed stem cells
86
What is the RBC shape
biconcave disk
87
What is the RBC shape due to?
presence of (spectrin) a fibrous protein
88
Advantage of the biconcave disk
maximal surface area and minimal diffusion distance for its volume a high degree of flexibility
89
What is the benefit of the high degree of flexibility of biconcave disk shape
allows cells to squeeze through narrow capillaries
90
Cell size and shape can change in _______ states
diseased
91
RBC have no __________
subcellular organelles
92
True/False: In RBC, the rate of production = the rate of destruction
True
93
Composition of RBC
Water, Hb, Lipids, proteins and ions
94
Structure of Hemoglobin Structure
Betta chain, alpha chain, Heme, Iron
95
How does RBC generate energy?
ATP anaerobically
96
RBC have important _____ systems
Enzyme
97
Glycolytic Enzymes
Generate energy
98
Carbonic Anhydrase
CO2 Transport
99
Each molecule of Hb can bind to ___ O2 molecules
4
100
In lungs, Hb becomes _____
saturated with O2
101
In tissues, O2 ______
dissociates from Hb
102
Hemoglobin Functions
- Transport of O2 - Transport of small amounts of CO2 --> attached to polypeptide chains - Act as a buffer
103
Factors affecting Hemoglobin to bind and release O2 (5)
1. Temperature 2. Ionic composition 3. pH 4. pCO2 5. Intercellular Enzyme Concentration
104
Red Cell Precursors Differentiation
Decrease in size, loss of nucleus, progressive accumulation of Hb
105
What can an injection of bone marrow stem cells reconstitute?
All hematopoietic cell types
106
Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells are under the influence of
HGFs (cytokines)
107
Reticulocytes have some ______ ___
Some residual RNA
108
Normal Reticulocytes Count (meaning and %)
amount of effective erythropoiesis in bone marrow, <1 %
109
What is a reticulocyte?
immature RBC
110
Factors determining # of RBCs
O2 requirements | O2 availability
111
Erythropoietin
a glycoprotein hormone/cytokine produced largely by the kidney (renal cortex)
112
Release of Erythropoietin
stimulated by hypoxia - from decreased RBC count - decreased O2 availability - increased tissue demand for O2
113
Hypoxia has been produced by
recombinant DNA technology
114
Regulation of Erythropoietin
- To maintain homeostasis | - Erythropoietin released in presence of hypoxia stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs
115
Erythropoietin is a ________ feedback loop
negative
116
Hormonal effects on erythropoietin
- Testosterone increases the release of erythropoietin, increases the sensitivity of RBC precursors to erythropoeitin - Estrogen has opposite effects
117
Lifespan of RBCs
120 days
118
Can anything prolong the RBCs lifespan
No
119
How is old RBCs recognized and removed from circulation?
By highly phagocytic cells (macrophages)
120
What happens to Bilirubin after macrophage?
Liver --> intestimal tract
121
What happens to Globin after macrophage?
Amino acid pool
122
What happens to Iron after macrophage?
Transferrin --> ferritin storage --> bone marrow --> reused in RBC
123
What is jaundice?
yellowing of the skin
124
Jaundice is due to _________
hyperbilirubinemia
125
Causes of Jaundice (3)
exessive hemolysis hepatic damage bile duct obstruction
126
Clinical indices
Number of RBCs Amount of Hb Hematocrit (Ht)
127
Hematocrit
Percentage of Blood Volume occupied by Red Blood Cells
128
Anemia
decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity blood
129
Polycythemia
Less plasma volume
130
Physiological Polycythemia
increased physical activity at high altitudes chronic lung disease heavy smoking
131
Pathological Polycythemia
Tumours of cells producing Erythropoietin | Unregulated production by Bone Marrow
132
What results from polycythemia
increase blood viscosity | blood clots
133
What results from anemia
decreased RBC count | Hb Content
134
What do subjects of anemia look like?
pale, tired, weak
135
Microcytic
<80μ^3
136
Normocytic
80-94μ^3
137
Macrocytic
>94μ^3
138
Normochromic
33%
139
Hypochromic
<33%
140
Causes of Amenias
1. Diminished Production 2. Ineffective Maturation 3. Increased Destruction
141
Diminished Production results from:
``` Abnormal site (radiation, drugs) Abnormal stimulus (renal disease) Inadequate raw materials (iron deficiency) ```
142
Ineffective Maturation results from:
Deficiencies of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid
143
Where does Vitamin B12 absorption occur?
Intrinsic Factor Deficiency - pernicious anemia in ileum
144
Increased Destruction results from:
toxins, drugs, and antibodies
145
The total amount of iron in the body
4g
146
Daily intake in Diet
15-20 mg
147
Where is Iron in the body? %?
Hb 65% Stored 30% Myoglobin 5% Enz 1%
148
Hemorrhage
Loss of Blood
149
Hematoma
Accumulation of blood in tissues
150
Two types of hemorrhage
``` external internal (into tissues) ```
151
Hemostasis
The arrest of Bleeding following vascular injury
152
Primary Hemostasis
Vascular response and platelet response
153
Secondary Hemostasis
Clot Formation
154
T/F Platelet response is only important in primary hemostasis
False, Platelet response is important in both primary and secondary hemostasis
155
Steps of Vascular Injury
Vasoconstriction Platelet Plug Formation Blood Clot Formation
156
Vasoconstriction
- Opposed endothelial cells stick together | - Smooth muscle cells in vessel wall respond to injury by contracting
157
Platelet Response
Platelet Plug of white thrombus
158
How does vasoconstriction occur?
After releasing of vasoconstricting agents
159
Platelet Structure
2-4 um diameter No nucleus Many granules Many filaments, microtubules, mitochondria, sER
160
Purpose of granules
factors for vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, clotting, growth
161
Platelet Life Span
7-10d
162
Where does platelet production occur?
Committed stem cell in Bone marrow Thrombopoietin mostly from liver Platelets from Bloodstream
163
Platelet factors are released and attract ______
more platelets
164
4 steps of Platelet Plug formation
1. adhesion 2. activation and release of cytokines 3. aggregation 4. consolidation
165
What is adhesion facilitated by
Von Willebrand factor
166
Platelet functions (5)
``` Release of vasoconstricting agent form platelet plug release clotting factors participate in clot retratction promote maintenance of endothelial integrity ```
167
Petechiae
small red/purple spot caused by bleeding into the skin
168
Abnormal primary hemostatic response
Prolonged Bleeding
169
Prolonged Bleeding can occur from ________ and _______
failure of the blood vessels to constrict and platelet deficiencies
170
Platelet deficiencies occur due to (2)
numerical <75,00/ul thrombocytopenia | functional ---> congenital or acquired by drugs, toxins, antibodies
171
Thrombus
Blood clot
172
Are RBC and WBC needed for clotting?
No
173
Clot formatrion is a function of ________
Plasma
174
Clotting is innitiated by injury to ________
blood vessel wall
175
Clotting results in __________ in presence of ____
activation and interaction of group of plasma proteins and clotting factors in presence of calcium ions and some phospholipid agent
176
Tissue Factors (prot & phospholipid) released from damaged cells (Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathway)
Extrinsic Pathway
177
Exposed Collagen (Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathway)
Intrinsic Pathway
178
Damage to the blood vessel (Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathway)
Intrinsic Pathway
179
Damage to tissue outside vessel (Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathway)
Extrinsic Pathway
180
How long does the Intrinsic Pathway take?
3-6 min
181
How long does the Extrinsic Pathway take?
15-20 seconds
182
How is clotting kept in check?
inhibitors of platelet adhesion and anticoagulants
183
What do clotting pathways produce?
prothrombin --> thrombin | fibrinogen --> fibrin
184
Generate large quantities of thrombin (Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathway)
Intrinsic Pathway
185
Generate rapid small amounts of thrombin (Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathway)
Extrinsic Pathway
186
Anticoagulants
naturally occurring chemicals which block one or more of the reactions of the coagulation scheme, thereby inhibiting the coagulation scheme
187
Factors in Coagulation
Ca++ Phospholipids Protein Plasma Factors
188
Clotting Factor Deficiencies can be from _____ or ______
congenital or acquired
189
Congenital Clotting Deficiencies
Hereditary deficiencies of a single factor (haemophilia)
190
Acquired Clotting Deficiencies
Usually multifactor deficiencies - liver diseases - vitamin K deficiency
191
What does clot retraction depend on?
presence of a contractile protein (thrombasthenia) released by platelets
192
Serum
plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors
193
Clot lysis (Fibrinolysis)
Dissolve blood clots
194
Anticoagulant Drugs
Coumadin | Heparin
195
Thrombolytic Drugs
Tissue plasminogen activator | Streptokinase
196
Inhibitors of Platelet Adhesion
Aspirin
197
Intrinsic Proactivitors
Endothelial Cell Factors
198
Extrinsic Proactivitors
Tissue Factors
199
pernicious anaemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency
200
Classification of aplastic anaemia
Normocytic, Normochromic
201
Classification of stimulation failure anaemia
Normocytic, Normochromic
202
Classification of iron deficiency anaemia
Microcytic, Hypochromic
203
Classification of Maturation | Failure Anemia
Macrocytic, Normochromic
204
Anemia that might be accompanied by jaundice
Hemolytic Anemias
205
Clot Retraction depends on presence of
contractile protein (thrombosthenin) released by platelets.
206
Serum is plasma without
fibrinogen and | other clotting factors

PHGY 209 (10 decks)

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