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PHGY 209 > CNS/Sensory > Flashcards

CNS/Sensory Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory input

Cell bodies out of CNS

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2
Q

Efferent

A

Motor output

Cell bodies in CNS

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3
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Somatic, Visual, olfactory, taste, auditory, vestibular

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4
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Somatic sensation

  • touch
  • temperature
  • pain
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5
Q 
innervates skeletal muscle
only excitatory (ACH)
A

Somatic efferent

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6
Q

Autonomic efferent

A

innervates interneurons
smooth & cardiac muscle
excitatory & inhibitory
Enteric Nervous system

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7
Q

Steps of Nervous System development

A
  1. Fertilized egg (ovum)
  2. Ball of cells
  3. Blastocyst (week 1)
  4. Blastocyst (week 2)
  5. Blastocyst (week 3)
  6. Week 3
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8
Q

Week 1 Blastocyst develops

A

inner cell mass

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9
Q

Week 3 Blastocyst develops

A

embryonic disk

neural plate

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10
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outermost layer

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11
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle layer

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12
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner Layer

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13
Q

the 3 layers (ectoderm….) make up the _______

A

embryonic disk

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14
Q

Neural groove

A

a shallow median groove of the neural plate between the neural folds of an embryo

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15
Q

What develops in week 4 of the neural tube

A

vesicles

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16
Q

Neural Crest becomes part of CNS or PNS

A

PNS

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17
Q

Neural tube becomes “CNS or PNS or both*

A

CNS and part of PNS

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18
Q

Neural Tube is composed of

A

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

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19
Q

Forebrain becomes

A

Cerebal hemispheres and Thalamus

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20
Q

Midbrain becomes

A

Midbrain

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21
Q

Hindbrain becomes

A

Cerebellum, pons, medulla

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22
Q

Rest of Neural tube becomes

A

Spinal cord

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23
Q

Cavity becomes

A

the ventricles and central canal

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24
Q

What do ventricles contain

A

150 ml of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

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25
Q

Cerebrospinal spinal fluid

  • produced by the
  • rate of production
A

Produced by the choroid plexus (in the four ventricles, but mainly the two lateral)
at a rate of 500 ml/day.

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26
Q

Cerebrospinal spinal fluid function

A

1) Supports and cushions the CNS. Specific gravity of CSF and the brain are equal.
2) Provides nourishment to the brain.
3) Removes metabolic waste through
absorption at the arachnoid villi.

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27
Q

Cerebrospinal spinal fluid composition

A

Sterile, colorless, acellular fluid that contains glucose.

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28
Q

Cerebrospinal spinal fluid circulation (active or passive)

A

passive (not pumped)

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29
Q

Where does CSF enter?

A

The subarachnoid space

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30
Q

an abnormal buildup of fluid in the ventricles (cavities) deep within the brain

A

Hydrocephalus

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31
Q

Communicating Hydrocephalus

A

The flow of CSF is blocked after it exits the ventricles

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32
Q

Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus

A

The flow of (CSF) is blocked along one or more of the narrow passages connecting the ventricles.

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33
Q

Meninges cover the

A

brain and spinal cord

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34
Q

Three membranes of CNS

A

Pia matter, arachnoid membrane, Dura mater

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35
Q

CSF returns to the blood at the

A

dural sinus

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36
Q

The only substate metabolized by the brain

A

Glucose

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37
Q

T/F: There is a lot of glycogen in the brain

A

F: Very little glycogen in the brain.

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38
Q

What does the brain need continuous supply of? (2)

A

glucose and oxygen

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39
Q

Glucose transport into the brain does not require ____

A

insulin

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40
Q

A few seconds of blood supply interruption can lead to

A

loss of consciousness

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41
Q

A few minutes of blood supply interruption can lead to

A

neuronal death (stroke)

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42
Q

Brain receives ___ % of total blood

A

15%

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43
Q

Brain is __% of total mass

A

2

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44
Q

Function of circle of willis

A

safety factor

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45
Q

CSF moves from the heart through ………… then back to the heart

A 
Chorioid plexus
ventricles
subarachnoid space
archnoid villi
dural sinus
venous system
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46
Q

Blood can move from the heart either through … arteries

….. arteries move straight to the circle of willis
….. arteries move through the basilar artery to the circle of Willis

A

vertebral arteries
carotid arteries

carotid arteries
vertebral arteries

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47
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

capillary wall

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48
Q

astrocytes (glia) functions (4)

A
  1. provide strucutral support
  2. induce tight juctions
  3. glutamate K+
  4. phagocytosis of debris
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49
Q

Awareness of sensory stimulation

A

Sensation

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50
Q

The understanding of a sensation’s meaning

A

Perception

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51
Q

T/F: We perceive energy of a sensory stimulus directly

A

F: We do not perceive the “energy” of a sensory stimulus directly.

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52
Q

T/F: We only perceive the neural activity that is produced by sensory stimulation.

A

T: We only perceive the neural activity that is produced by sensory stimulation.

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53
Q

Law of specific nerve energies:

A

Regardless of how a sensory receptor is activated, the sensation felt corresponds to that of which the receptor is specialized.

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54
Q

Law of projection:

A

Regardless of where in the brain you stimulate a sensory pathway, the sensation is always felt at the sensory receptors location.

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55
Q

(Law of specific nerve energies/projection):

Rub your eyes hard and you will see light.

A

Law of specific nerve energies

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56
Q

(Law of specific nerve energies/projection): Penfield electrically stimulated somatic sensory cortex and patients perceived somatic sensation in the body.

A

Law of projection:

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57
Q

(Law of specific nerve energies/projection): Phantom limb pain after amputation.

A

Law of projection:

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58
Q

6 sensory systems:

A

Visual, Auditory, Vestibular, Somatosensory, Gustatory, Olfactory

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59
Q

Modality of visual

A

Vision

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60
Q

Modality of Auditory

A

Hearing

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61
Q

Modality of Vestibular

A

Balance

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62
Q

Modality of Somatosensory

A

Somatic Senses

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63
Q

Modality of Gustatory

A

Taste

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64
Q

Modality of Olfactory

A

Smell

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65
Q

Vision stimulates

A

B/W, colour

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66
Q

4 Somatic Senses

A

Touch
Pain
Proprioception
Thermal

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67
Q

Taste stimulates

A 
"BUSSS"
Bitter
Umani
Sweet
Sour
Salt
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68
Q

Stimulus Energy of Visual sensory system

A

Light

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69
Q

Stimulus Energy of Auditory sensory system

A

Sound

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70
Q

Stimulus Energy of Vestibular sensory system

A

Gravity, Acceleration

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71
Q

Stimulus Energy of Somatosensory system

A

Mechnical, thermal, chemical

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72
Q

Stimulus Energy of Gustatory sensory system

A

Chemical

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73
Q

Stimulus Energy of Olfactory sensory system

A

Chemical

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74
Q

Receptor class of Visual sensory system

A

Photorecptors

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75
Q

Receptor class of Auditory sensory system

A

Mechanoreceptors

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76
Q

Receptor class of Vestibular sensory system

A

Mechanoreceptors

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77
Q

Receptor class of Somatosensory system

A

Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors

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78
Q

Receptor class of Gustatory sensory system

A

Chemoreceptors

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79
Q

Receptor class of Olfactory sensory system

A

Chemoreceptors

80
Q

Which of sensory systems use photoreceptors?

A

Visual

81
Q

Which of sensory systems use mechanoreceptors?

A

Auditory
Vestibular
Somatosensory

82
Q

Which of sensory systems use chemoreceptors?

A

Somatosensory
Gustatory
Olfactory

83
Q

Which of sensory systems use thermoreceptors?

A

Somatosensory

84
Q

Which of sensory systems use nociceptors?

A

Somatosensory

85
Q

Modaility

A

General class of a stimulus

86
Q

The brain “knows” the modality and location of every sensory afferent.

A

Labelled Line

87
Q

Steps of sensory receptors (5)

A
  1. Stimulus energy
  2. receptor membrane
  3. transduction
  4. ion channel activation
  5. afferent
88
Q

For stimulus energy there must be

A

adequate stimulus (specificity)

89
Q

Stimulus energy is converted into

A

afferent activiity

90
Q

Steps of stimulus energy being converted into afferent activity (5)

A
  1. Stimulus energy
  2. receptor potential
  3. action potentials
  4. propagation of action potentials
  5. release of neurotransmitters
91
Q

Magnitude of receptor potential

A

determines the frequency with which action potentials are generated

92
Q

Non-adapting afferent response

A

Encodes stimulus intensity and slow changes

93
Q

Slowly adapting afferent response

A

Some stimulus intensity and moderate stimulus changes

94
Q

Rapidly adapting afferent response

A

Fast stimulus changes

95
Q

Afferent adaption allows us to be

A

sensitive to changes in sensory input

96
Q

Receptive field

A

The region in space that activates a sensory receptor or neuron
stimuilus location

97
Q

Overlapping RFs produce a

A

population code

98
Q

Acuity

A

ability to differentiate one stimulus from another

99
Q

High/Low acuity location: Lips

A

High

100
Q

High/Low acuity location: Back

A

Low

101
Q

High/Low acuity location: Hands

A

High

102
Q

High/Low acuity location: Face

A

High

103
Q

High/Low acuity location: Lips

A

High

104
Q

High/Low acuity location: Thigh

A

Low

105
Q

High/Low acuity location: Shoulder

A

Low

106
Q

Small RF means ____ acuity

A

High

107
Q

Large RF means ____ acuity

A

Low

108
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A
  • Sharpens sensory acuity

- Process by which stimulated neurons inhibit the activity of nearby neurons by interneurons

109
Q

neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the thalamus

A

2nd order

110
Q

Interneurons

A

Found only in CNS

It also connects to other interneurons, allowing them to communicate with one another.

111
Q

Descending pathways modulate (not motor)

A

sensory inputs

112
Q

Sensory information is shaped by two types of mechanisms:

A

“bottom up” and “top down” mechanisms

113
Q

Mechanoreceptors with specialized end organs that surround the nerve terminal.
These end organs allow only selective mechanical information to activate the nerve terminal.

A

Touch

114
Q

Fluid-filled structure enclosing the nerve

terminal. Rapidly adapting. Light stroking and fluttering.

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

115
Q

Slowly adapting. Pressure and texture.

A

Merkel disk

116
Q

Merkel disk, Meissner’s corpuscle are examples of

A

Superficial layers receptors

117
Q

Pacinian corpuscle, Ruffini endings are examples of ….

A

Deep layers receptors

118
Q

Large concentric capsules of connective tissue

surround the nerve terminal. Rapidly adapting. Strong vibrations.

A

Pacinian corpuscle

119
Q

Nerve endings wrap around a spindle-like structure. Slowly adapting. Stretch and bending of the skin (shape of an object).

A

Ruffini endings

120
Q

Muscle spindles provide sense of static position and movement of limbs and body.

A

Proprioception

121
Q

Stretching the cytoskeletal strands activates

A

Mechanoreceptors

122
Q

Thermoreceptors are free nerve endings containing ion channels that respond to different temperature ranges.

A

Temperature

123
Q

Temperature of cold afferents

A

0 – 35 Celcius

124
Q

Temperature of warm afferents

A

30 – 50 Celcius

125
Q

cold afferents can be activated by

A

menthol

126
Q

warm afferents can be activated by

A

capsaicin and ethanol

127
Q

Extreme temperatures activate

A

pain receptors

128
Q

Nociceptors are free nerve endings containing ion channels that open in response to intense mechanical deformation, excessive temperature, or chemicals.

A

Pain

129
Q

T/F: Pain afferents are highly modulated

A

T: Pain afferents are highly modulated (enhanced and suppressed).

130
Q

Visceral pain receptors are activated by

A

inflamation

131
Q

Nociceptors are enhanced by many

A

mediators

132
Q

Steps leading to Hyperalgesia

A
  1. cut occurs
  2. action potential
  3. susbatnce P released in spinal cord
  4. pain
  5. enhancement of surrounding nociceptors by injured tissue & afferent feedback onto mast cells
  6. Dilation of nearby blood vessels
133
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

An increased sensitivity to feeling pain and an extreme response to pain

134
Q

Dorsal columns

A

Touch and Propioception

135
Q

Touch and Proprioception route

A 
Dorsal Root ganglion
Dorsal columns
Medulla
Medial lemniscus
Thalmus 
Somatosensory cortex
136
Q

(Contralateral or Ipsilateral) Touch and proprioception

A

Ipsilateral

137
Q

(Contralateral or Ipsilateral) Temperature and Pain

A

Contralateral

138
Q

Temperature and Pain route

A 
Dorsal Root ganglion
Dorsa, horn
Anterolateral column
Branches into the reticular formation
Thalamus
Somatosensory cortex
139
Q

Which afferents commonly synapse on the same neurons in the spinal cord?

A

Visceral & somatic pain afferents

140
Q

Heart attacks commonly produce pain in the

A

in the left arm.

141
Q

Descending pathways regulate

A

nociceptive information

142
Q

Analgesia

A

Reduction of pain through presynaptic inhibition

143
Q

What do opiate neurotransmitters do?

A

Presynaptic inhibition

Stop substance P from being released in spinal cord

144
Q

______ perception is dependent on context

A

Visual

145
Q

part of eye that refracts (bends) light to a single point

A

Lens

146
Q

Light is refracted by (2)

A

the cornea and lens

147
Q

What refracts more light: Cornea or lens

A

Cornea

148
Q

What accommodates for changes in object location?

A

Lens

149
Q

Nearsighted (eyeball)

A

eyeball too long

150
Q

Farsighted (eyeball)

A

eyeball too short

151
Q

Nearsightedness is corrected by a ____ lens

A

concave

152
Q

Farsightedness is corrected by a ____ lens

A

convex

153
Q

Cataract

A

changes in lens colour

154
Q

Presbyopia

A

the lens gets stiff and is unable to accommodate near vision

155
Q

Astigmatism

A

the lens or cornea are not spherical

156
Q

myopic

A

nearsighted

157
Q

hyperopic

A

farsighted

158
Q

Fovea centralis

A

the retinal circuitry is shifted out of the way

159
Q

only neurons that connect the outer retina to the inner retina

A

Bipolar cells

160
Q

Help integrate and regulate the input from multiple photoreceptor cells

A

Horizontal cells

161
Q

the major carriers of rod signals to the ganglion cells in the retina

A

Amacrine cells

162
Q

Ganglion cells

A

the projection neuron

Make up the optic nerve

163
Q

Phototransduction

A

Light causes photoreceptors to hyperpolarize

Four different opsin molecules (rhodopsin is found in the rods)

164
Q

Rods/Cones:

High sensitivity, night vision

A

Rods

165
Q

Rods/Cones:

Low sensitivity, day vision

A

Cones

166
Q

Rods/Cones:

More rhodopsin, captures more light

A

Rods

167
Q

Rods/Cones:

High amplification, single photon closes many Na+ channels

A

Rods

168
Q

Rods/Cones:

Slow response time

A

Rods

169
Q

Rods/Cones:

Faster response time

A

Cones

170
Q

Rods/Cones:

Lower amplification

A

Cones

171
Q

Rods/Cones:

Less opsin

A

Cones

172
Q

Rods/Cones:

More sensitivity to scattered light

A

Rodes

173
Q

Rods/Cones:

Most sensitive to direct axial rays

A

Cones

174
Q

Rods/Cones system:

Low acuity: not present in central fovea, highly convergent

A

Rod System

175
Q

Rods/Cones system:

High acuity: concentrated in fovea, less convergent

A

Cone system

176
Q

Rod/Cone system:

Achromatic: one type opsin

A

Rod System

177
Q

Rods/Cones system:

Chromatic: three types of opsin

A

Cone system

178
Q

Bright Light which rod/cones are active/inactive

A

Rods are inactivate Cones are active

179
Q

Dark which rods/cones are active/inactive

A

Cones are inactive Rods are active

180
Q

Why does temporary blindness occur when going from light to dark?

A

Temporary blindness until rods “re-activate” and take over

181
Q

Why does temporary blindness occur when going from dark to light?

A

Rods are initially saturated. Temporary blindness until rods “inactivate” and cones take over

182
Q

What breaks in phototransduction

A

lights breaks the bond between opsin and retinene (chromophore)

183
Q

T/F: It takes time to put the chromophore and opsin back together

A

T

184
Q

Retina reports relative/absolute intensity of light

A

relative

185
Q

signal the relative differences of the light (contrast) across their receptive fields

  • B/W
  • Colour
A

Retinal ganglion cells

186
Q

Photoreceptors are sensitive to ________

A

wavelength

187
Q

What determines the chromatic sensitivity of the photoreceptor

A

opsin molecule

188
Q

What encodes the relative values of brightness and colour

A

the output of the retina

189
Q

both eyes with contralateral visual field

A

Optic tract

190
Q

one eye with both visual fields

A

optic nerve

191
Q

Cervical Nerves

  • body part
  • pairs
A

Neck, shoulders, arms and hands

8

192
Q

Thoracic Nerves

  • body part
  • pairs
A

Shoulders, chest, upper abdominal wall

12

193
Q

Lumbar Nerves

  • body part
  • pairs
A

Lower abdominal wall, hips, and legs

5

194
Q

Sacral Nerves

  • body part
  • pairs
A

Genitals and lower digestive tract

5

195
Q

What muscles control lens shape?

A

Ciliary muscles

PHGY 209 (10 decks)

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