Transport Mechanism

Question 1

What is the act of molecules moving from a high concentration gradient to a low one?

Answer 1

Diffusion

Question 2

Transport that relies solely on diffusion.

Answer 2

Passive Transport

Question 3

Transports without added energy.

Answer 3

Passive Transport

Question 4

Types of Diffusion

Answer 4

Simple

Osmosis

Facilitated

Question 5

Diffusion that only relies on concentration.

Answer 5

Simple Diffusion

Question 6

Diffusion with solvent movement, usually water.

Answer 6

Osmosis

Question 7

Water molecules can go through a semi-permeable membrane as they are ___.

Answer 7

So small.

Question 8

In other cases, osmosis can also be facilitated by proteins called?

Answer 8

Aquaporins

Question 9

What do Aquaporins do?

Answer 9

More efficient and faster transport.

Question 10

A review:

The dissolved substance in a solution.

Answer 10

Solute

Question 11

A review:

The dissolving medium in a solution.

Answer 11

Solvent

Question 12

If Simple Diffusion focuses on solute transport between gradients, Osmosis is?

Answer 12

Solvent Transport (Usually Water)

Question 13

Osmosis involves the solvent (usually water) going from a ___ solvent concentration to a ___ solvent concentration.

Answer 13

High solvent concentration to a low solvent concentration.

Question 14

If the solution has more solute outside, it is called a?

Answer 14

Hypertonic Solution

Question 15

If the solution has more solute inside, it is called a?

Answer 15

Hypotonic Solution

Question 16

What happens if the solution is hypertonic?

Answer 16

The cell will shrink.

Question 17

What happens if the solution is hypotonic?

Answer 17

The cell will burst.

Question 18

Analogy for Remembrance

Hyper soln is to

as with

Hypo soln is to

Answer 18

Hyper, meaning more tired, use of energy, meaning the cell will eventually shrink.

Hypo, well fuck, it’s hard to make one. Just remember the other one.

Question 19

An equilibrium is reached between both solvent and solute.

Answer 19

Isotonic Solution

Question 20

Supplementary Example

Since the roots are hypertonic, the soil is ___?

Answer 20

Hypotonic

*This is important since the roots have more solute, water is sucked in.

Question 21

Analogy

Passive Transport: High to Low
Active Transport: ___

Answer 21

Low to High

Question 22

How do plant cells not burst in hypotonic solution?

Answer 22

The pressure exerted by the fluid is called turgor pressure. This is what actually makes the cell wall rigid.

Question 23

Why is it that plant cells prefer being in hypotonic solutions rather than being isotonic like animal cells do?

Answer 23

It prefers being turgid since the plant needs more water for storage.

Question 24

It goes against the concentration gradient.

Answer 24

Active Transport

Question 25

Carrier proteins that use energy.

Answer 25

Protein Pumps

Question 26

A specific solute will bind to the protein pump on what side of the membrane?

Answer 26

One Side

Question 27

Causes a conformational change in the protein pump.

Answer 27

The hydrolysis of ATP (to ADP + Pi).

Question 28

Energy may be generated through:

Answer 28

Primary and Secondary Active Transports

Question 29

Direct hydrolysis of ATP.

Answer 29

Primary Active Transport

Question 30

Indirectly coupling transport with another molecule that is moving along its electrochemical gradient.

Answer 30

Secondary Active Transport

Question 31

Types of Carrier Proteins

Answer 31

Uniporter Symporter Antiporter

Question 32

Carrier proteins are part of what process?

Answer 32

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 33

Transports a single type of molecule or ion

Answer 33

Uniporter

Question 34

Transport two molecules or ions in the same direction.

Answer 34

Symporter

Question 35

Transports two molecules or ions in the opposite directions.

Answer 35

Antiporter

Question 36

Na+- K+ ATPase

Answer 36

Carries Sodium and Potassium ions

Question 37

H+-K+ ATPase

Answer 37

Carries Hydrogen and Potassium ions

Question 38

Ca2+ ATPase

Answer 38

Carries Calcium Ions only

Question 39

H+ ATPase

Answer 39

Carries Hydrogen ions only

Question 40

The difference in the electrical potential (voltage) across the cell membrane.

Answer 40

Membrane Potential

Question 41

Due to atoms and molecules forming ions and holding either positive or negative electrical charges.

Answer 41

Membrane Potential

Question 42

When there is a net separation of charges in space, there is?

Answer 42

An Electrical Potential Difference

Question 43

In a cell, the inside of the cell has more ___ charges compared to the outside.

Answer 43

Negative Charges

Question 44

Why is it more negative inside?

Answer 44

For sodium-potassium pumps.

Question 45

It uses energy released in ATP hydrolysis to move sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium (K+) into the cell.

Answer 45

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Question 46

A sodium-potassium pump involves an integral protein that exchanges ___ sodium ions (moves out of the cell) with ___ potassium ions (moves into the cell)

Answer 46

3 sodium ions for moving out of the cell. 2 potassium ions for moving in the cell.

Question 47

Why is a Sodium-Potassium Pump cost energy?

Answer 47

Both types of ions are moving from where they are less concentrated to where they are more concentrated.

Question 48

At rest, when the sodium-potassium pump expels sodium ions from the nerve cell, ___.

Answer 48

Potassium ions are accumulated within

Question 49

When the neuron fires, both sodium and potassium ions what?

Answer 49

Swap locations via facilitated diffusion via sodium and potassium channels.