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General Biology I > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

The cell cycle is for what?

A

The growth and division of a cell.

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2
Q

Cells divide for what purpose?

A

When they need to replace injured or dead cells, or for generally a development of an organism.

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3
Q

The cell cycle is mostly divided into two phases called what?

A

Interphase and M Phase

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4
Q

What is the longest event in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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5
Q

It enables the cell to grow.

A

Interphase

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6
Q

What are the stages of Interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

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7
Q

What is the meaning of “G” in G1 and G2?

A

Gap

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8
Q

Why is it called Gap 1 and Gap 2?

A

Scientists couldn’t see anything happening during other parts of interphase, so they named the periods between mitosis and synthesis as literal gaps of inactivity until later discoveries.

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9
Q

The cell grows larger in this stage, duplicates organelles, and develops building blocks.

A

G1

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10
Q

DNA replication and duplication of centrosomes occur.

A

Synthesis

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11
Q

Cell grows continuously, making more proteins, duplicating organelles, and completing the preparations for the next phase.

A

G2

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12
Q

What stage makes up the loss of energy during S phase?

A

G2

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13
Q

Duplication and division happens.

A

M Phase

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14
Q

Under this phase, you also have cytokinesis.

A

M Phase

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15
Q

Distribution of chromosomes into two daughter nuclei.

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

Division of the cytoplasm producing two daughter cells.

A

Cytokinesis

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17
Q

Division of the nucleus into two new nuclei.

A

Karyokinesis

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18
Q

In one round of the cycle, what happens to the two daughter cells?

A

It either enters G1 phase and G0 phase.

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19
Q

If a cell enters G1 phase, what happens?

A

It prepares for cell division again, hence it being a cycle.

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20
Q

Why would a cell enter the G0 phase?

A

There are:

Unfavorable environmental conditions

Waiting for a signal

A permanent state (Like nerve or cardiac muscles)

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21
Q

What cells don’t divide?

A

Cardiac and nerve cells since they only can grow.

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22
Q

Why do nerve cells don’t divide?

A

Lack of centrosomes (Provides structure)

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23
Q

The whole cycle takes?

A

24 Hours

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24
Q

How long is the G1 phase?

A

5 to 6 hours

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25
Q

How long is the S phase?

A

10 to 12 hours

26
Q

How long is the G2 phase?

A

4 to 6 hours

27
Q

How long is the M phase?

A

Approximately 1 hour

28
Q

What is the longest stage in the interphase?

A

Synthesis

29
Q

Why is the longest stage in the interphase synthesis?

A

Because of the complexity of the genetic material being duplicated.

30
Q

What is the shortest phase of the cell cycle?

A

M phase

31
Q

In the cell cycle, what mostly controls it?

A

Regulatory proteins: CDK, Cyclin, and p53

32
Q

What is the activating protein that binds to a kinase to form CDK complex.

A

Cyclin

33
Q

What undergoes a constant cycle of synthesis and degradation during cell division?

A

Cyclin

34
Q

What is the meaning of CDK?

A

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase

35
Q

If there is no Cyclin, what will happen to a CDK?

A

Hence it’s name, it’s dependent on it.

If Cyclin is not present, it will be inactive.

36
Q

This regulatory protein activates or deactivates another protein by phosphorylating them.

A

CDK Complex

37
Q

How does CDK activate and deactivate other proteins?

A

By phosphorolysis.

38
Q

Introducing a phosphate group.

A

Phosphorolysis

39
Q

What is the purpose of phosphorylating of CDK Complex?

A

It gives the ‘ stop’ and ‘ go’ signal at the Gap 1 and Gap 2 checkpoints.

40
Q

It is responsible for suppressing tumors, repairing damaged DNA, and triggering apoptosis of damage is beyond repair.

A

p53

41
Q

What does the p53 signal to release when DNA damage is detected?

A

CDK inhibitor

42
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cell death if cell is not fixable.

43
Q

It initiates mitosis.

A

MPF Complexes (It is a maturation-promoting factor whenever there is an abundance of both CDK + m cyclin).

44
Q

When the cyclin in the MPF complex is degraded, what happens to mitosis?

A

It ends

45
Q

The MPF complex also plays a role in activating another protein complex that is responsible for degrading the M cyclin. What is this protein complex?

A

APC/C (Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome)

46
Q

Is the environment favorable?

A

G1 Checkpoint

47
Q

In the G1 Checkpoint, what do we mean by favorable environmental conditions?

A

Nutrients and Protein Reserves

Sufficient Cell Size

Intact Genetic Material

48
Q

The most important checkpoint?

A

G1 Checkpoint

49
Q

What happens if the cell’s environment is favorable but does not proceed S phase?

A

The cells differentiate wherein it turns into a more specialized cell.

50
Q

Does the S Phase have a checkpoint?

A

No.

51
Q

Is the environment favorable?

Is all DNA properly replicated?

A

G2 Checkpoint

52
Q

In the G2 Checkpoint, what do we mean by favorable environmental conditions?

A

Sufficient cell size

Intact genetic material

53
Q

Are all chromosomes attached to the spindle microtubules?

A

M checkpoint

54
Q

What could be the result of not having chromosomes attached to the spindles?

A

Chromosomal syndromes

55
Q

What would happen if these regulatory proteins fail?

A

Cancer cells would arise, dividing uncontrollably and forming tumors.

56
Q

When cells are not dividing, their DNA exists as?

A

Chromatin in the Nucleus

57
Q

What’s more complex in cell division? Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes

58
Q

Does cytokinesis occur the same way in all cells?

A

No. It differs between plant and animal cells. In a plant cell, a cell plate forms.

59
Q

Cell stays dormant

A

G0 Quiescent

60
Q

Cell ages or deteriorates

A

G0 Senescent

General Biology I (15 decks)

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