Animal Tissue Flashcards by Gabriel Anyog

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function are called

Tissues

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Four primary tissue types

Epithelium

Connective

Nervous

Muscle

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To perform specific body functions, tissues are organized into ___ such as the heart, kidneys, and lungs.

Organs

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The study of tissues

Histology

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What is the other name for epithelial tissues?

Epithelium

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A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.

Epithelial Tissue

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Characterized by closely joined cells with tight junctions. Being tightly packed, tight junctions serve as barriers to pathogens, mechanical injuries, and fluid loss.

Epithelial Tissue

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Epithelial tissues can occur in the body as:

Covering and Lining Epithelium

Glandular

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Functions of Epithelial Tissues

Protection

Absorption

Filtration

Excretion

Secretion

Sensory Reception

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The epithelial tissue covers the body and ___.

protects it from bacterial invasion and chemical damage.

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Epithelial Tissues Distinguishing Characteristics

Polarized

Specialized Contacts

Supported by Connective Tissue (Basement Membrane)

Avascular

Regeneration

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The membranes always have one free surface, called the apical surface, and typically that surface is significantly different from the basal surface.

Polarity

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Cells fit closely together to form membranes, or sheets of cells, and are bound together by specialized junctions.

Specialized contacts

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The cells are attached to and supported by an adhesive basement membrane, which is an acellular material secreted partly by the epithelial cells (basal lamina) and connective tissue cells (reticular lamina) that lie next to each other.

Supported by connective tissue.

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Epithelial tissues are supplied by nerves but have no blood supply of their own (are avascular). Instead they depend on diffusion of nutrients from the underlying connective tissue.

Avascular but innervated.

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If well nourished, epithelial cells can easily divide to regenerate the tissue. This is an important characteristic because many epithelia are subjected to a good deal of abrasion.

Regeneration

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Why do epithelial cells important to have regeneration?

They are subjected to a fair amount of abrasion.

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Epithelial Tissues on Arrangement

Simple (One)

Stratified (Multiple)

Pseudostratified (One, illusion of Many)

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How are stratified epithelia named?

By the cells present on the apical surface.

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Epithelial Tissues based on Cell Shape

Squamous (Scale, Flat)

Cuboidal (Cube)

Columnar (Hollow Columns)

Transitional (Rounded, Plump)

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Glands lose their surface connection (duct) as they develop; thus they are referred to as ductless glands. They secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid, and from there the hormones enter the blood or the lymphatic vessels that weave through the glands.

Endocrine Glands

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Retain their ducts, and their secretions empty through these ducts either to the body surface or into body cavities. The exocrine glands include the sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas.

Exocrine Glands

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Plate-like flattened cells; for exchange of material through diffusion where protections is not important.

Simple Squamous

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The simplest of the epithelia, commonly found in air sacs of lungs; heart; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae).

Simple Squamous

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Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei; secretion and absorption.

Simple Cuboidal

Mostly found in kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface.

Simple Cuboidal

Brick-shaped cells; for secretion of mucus, enzymes, and active absorption.

Simple Columnar

Commonly found in the stomach to rectum, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands.

Simple Columnar

A single layer of cells; may just look stacked because of varying height; for the lining of the respiratory tract; usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type of cell modification that sweeps the mucus by ciliary action).

Pseudostratified Columnar

Commonly found in Nonciliated type in male’s sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.

Pseudostratified Columnar

Multilayered and regenerates quickly; for protection.

Stratified Squamous

Why do stratified squamous epithelial cells need to regenerate quickly?

It protects underlying tissues in areas commonly subjected to abrasion like the skin.

Two layers; Functions as protection commonly found in the largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

Stratified Cuboidal

Several cell layers; Protection and secretion Rare in the body, small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands.

Stratified Columnar

Cells with the ability to slide over one another to allow stretching. Surface cells are dome-shaped, resembles both stratified sq., and stratified cu..

Transitional Epithelium

It is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types, found in all parts of the body.

Connective Tissues

Four main types of adult connective tissue.

Connective tissue proper (CTP) Cartilage Bone Blood

They primarily protect, support, insulate, and bind together other tissues of the body.

Connective Tissues

Characteristics of Connective Tissues

Common Origin (Derived from embryonic tissue/mesenchyme). Degree of Vascularity (Rich blood supply) Extracellular Matrix (Nonliving material Variety)

The cartilage is an exception in connective tissues because it is ___.

avascular.

The dense connective tissue is also an exception in connective tissues because it is ___.

poorly vascularized

Extracellular Matrix composed of:

Ground Substance Fibers

The ground substance is composed of

Interstitial fluid Cell adhesion proteins Proteoglycans

Fat tissue provides insulation for the body tissues and a source of stored energy.

Adipose

When the matrix is firm, the cartilage and bone reside in cavities called ___.

lacunae

What are the fibers (providing support)?

Collagen Fibers Elastic Fibers Reticular Fibers

What is the most abundant fiber?

Collagen (White) Fibers

What is the model of all connective tissues?

The areolar connective tissues, since it has all three varieties of fibers.

What secretes the matrix of Areolar Connective Tissues?

Fibroblast

Dense Fibrous/Regular Connective Tissues

Ligaments (bone-bone) Tendons (bone-skeletal muslce)

Embryonic connective tissue; gives rise to all other connective tissue types. Star Shaped. Primarily in Embryo.

Mesenchyme

Connective tissue proper with all three fiber types, a soft pack-aging material that cushions and protects body organs.

Areolar Loose Connective Tissue

Provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs. Under skin mostly. Looks like bubbles.

Adipose Loose Connective Tissue

Binds, form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages. Mostly found in lymphoid organs.

Reticular Loose Connective Tissue

Withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Major cell type is fibroblast. Mostly in tendons and ligaments.

Dense Regular Connective Tissues

Allows recoil of tissue following stretching. Mostly in walls of large arteries.

Elastic Connective Tissues

Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength. Mostly fibroblasts. In fibrous capsules of organs and joints.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Cushion Made up of chondroitin + collagen fibers

Cartilage

Other word for mature cartilage cells.

Chrondrocyte

Supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists stress. Forms most of embryonic skeleton, forms costal cartilages of ribs.

Hyaline Cartilage

Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. More elastic fibers in matrix, commonly in external ear (auricle).

Elastic Cartilage

Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock. Thick collagen fibers. Discs of knee joint, intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis.

Fibrocartilage

Bone supports and protects; provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat

Bones (Osseous Tissue)

The marrow inside bones is the site for?

The site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis).

Transports oxygen, nutrients, gases, wastes, and other substances. Made up of RBC, WBC, and Platelets.

Blood (Special Liquid CT)

RBC, WBC, and Platelets combined are?

Plasma

Specialized to contract and produce most type of body movement.

Muscle Tissue

Three basic types of MT

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Voluntary Movement Obvious Striations (Stripes)

Skeletal Muscle

Walls of Hollow Organs Involuntary Movement Spindle-Shaped, Two layers at right angles Propels substances (foodstuffs, urine) or a baby along internal passageways;

Smooth Muscle

Heart Contraction Intercalated Disc (Cell Junctions) Involuntary Movement Only found in the Heart

Cardiac Muscle

Transmit and receives impulses.

Nervous Tissue

Special supporting cells that protect, support, and insulate the more delicate neurons.

Neuroglia

Highly specialized to receive stimuli (excitability) and to generate electrical signals that may be sent to all parts of the body (conductivity).

Neurons

Why is the structure of neurons markedly different from other body cells?

It has a nucleus-containing cell body, with its cytoplasm drawn out into long extensions, sometimes 1m, for long distances.

Nerve cells don't what?

Divide

Neurons have specialized projections:

Axons and Dendrites

Away, out of the neurons.

Axons

Bring, input of neurons.

Dendrites

Cells with no Nucleus

Red Blood Cells

Why do red blood cells lack a nucleus?

It enables the red blood cell to contain more oxygen-carrying hemoglobin, thus enabling more oxygen to be transported in the blood and boosting our metabolism.

Erythrocytes

RBC

Leukocytes

WBC

Thrombocytes

Platelets