Transport in Humans and Animals Flashcards
Why do unicellular organism not require a transport system
- They have a large total surface area to volume ratio
- They obtain nutrients and gases via simple diffusion.
What are ostium?
-tiny openings to allow haemolymph in haemocoel to flow back into the heart
Explain the type of circulatory system insects have
- open circulatory system
- heart contracts –> haemolymph is pumped and flows into haemocoel –> haemolymph bathes the cells and gases and nutrients exchange via simple diffusion –> heart relax –> haemolymph flows into heart through the ostium
How many chambers does a fish have? What are they?
- 2 chmabers
- 1 atrium, 1 ventricle
Why does fish have single circulatory system?
- Blood flows in 1 direction
Deoxygenated blood flows from ____ to the gill cappilaries in fish
ventricle
what makes up the pulmocutaneous system in amphibiansa?
- lung cappilaries
- skin
Explain the clood circulatory system in amphibians
- imcomplete double circulatory system bcoz oxgenated and deoxygenated blood are mixed
- heart consists of 2 atria, 1 ventricle
- deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium –> ventricle contracts to pump deO2 blood out of heart to pulmocutaneous circulation –> gaseous exchange occurs –> O2 blood flows into left atrium of the heart –> ventricle contracts to pump O2 blood out of heart to the systemic circulation –> gaseous exchange occurs.
What is the function of pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery?
- pulmonary vein: transports O2 blood from lung cap. to heart
- pulmonary artery: transports deO2 blood from heart to lungs
Define blood
type of connective tissue made of 55% blood plasma , 45% cell components
Cardiac muscles are said to be ______ because they ________.
myogenic ; do not require stimulus by nerve impulses from central nervous system to continue beating
What is the function of tricuspid valve?
Ensure deO2 blood flows from right atrium to right ventricle without backflow.
what is the function of superior vena cava?
transport deO2 blood from heart to lungs
give examples of plasma proteins
- fibrinogen : blood clotting mechanism
- albumin : control blood osmotic pressure
- globulin: type of antibody
Explain 3 characteristics of red blood cell
- no nucleus: to contain more haemoglobin
- biconcave disc shape: increase TSA/V for gaseous exchange
- elastic plasma membrane: enables it to move across narrow blood vessels
how any O2 combine qith one haemoglobin
four
where is RBC formed
bone marrow
Name 3 types of granulocytes
- neutrophil
- basophil
- eosinophil
Which leucocyte is in charge of allergy reactions?
basophill
What is the function of eosinophill
prevent blood clotting
Explain the characteriscis and functions of monocyte
- largest leucocyte
- spherical-shaped nucleus
- undergoes phagocytosis
State 2 differences between vein and artery
Vein : Artery
has valve : no valve
large lumen : small lumen
thin,
why is blood flowing in the artery under high pressure
due to the pumping force of the heart
the heartbeatis coordinated by the ______
pacemaker
what is the sequence in the heartbeat mechanism? Name the parts
sinoartrial node –> atrias –>atrioventricular node –> bundle of his –> purkinje fibres –> ventricle wal
Where is the Bundle of His located?
apex of the heart
what happens when SA node is stimulated?
- atriums contract
- blood flows into ventricle
When is the ‘lub’ sound produced?
- ventricle contracts
- semilunar valves opens
- bicuspid & tricuspid valve closes
Why does a person who stands too long faint?
- less contraction of skeletal muscle
- O2 blood cannot circulate to brain efficiently
What is thrombokinase?
An activator to convert prothrombin into thrombin
What are the components of thrombokinase?
- coagulated plateletes
- dead cells
- clotting factors
Relate thrombokinase, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin.
- Thrombokinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
- Thrombin acts as an enzyme which converts fibrinogen into fibrin
- Fribrin is a thread like protein fibre which forms a mesh which can trap more RBC to close the wound
what are platelet plugs?
- sticky platelets caused by action of clotting factors
- stops blood loss in small cuts
Why might blood clots in blood vessels cause heart attack?
- Blood clot in coronary artery prevents blood flow
- Cardiac muscles lack O2
- Cardiac muscles contract and relax excessively to pump more blood –> Heart attack occurs
Why is it important that blood compatibality is ensured before blood transfusion?
- Blood which is incompatible can cause agglutination in the receipients’ bloodstream
- might lead to death
What is Rh + blood?
RBC which has antigen D
Explain how artherosclerosis happens.
- plaque is formed and deposited on the arterial wall
- clogs and narrow the lumen of artery
- restricts blood flow
What is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
arterio : athero
deposit of plaque : deposit of calcium
narrows the lumen of artery : artery loses elasticity
What is the importance of human lymphatic system?
- maintain balance of fluid in the body
- transport fat soluble nutrients to the blood stream
- Produce and store lymphocyte
- Protect the body against infectious diseases
Why must interstitial fluid be returned to the blood circulatory system
- to maintain normal blood volume
- to prevent accumulation of interstitial fluid in intercellular spaces –> oedema
The thoracic duct receives lymph from where?
- left side of head, neck & chest
- whole body
What is the importance of lymph nodes?
Store lymphocytes which produces antibodies for the body’s immune system to fight against pathogens
What lyph vessel is present in the digestive tract?
lacteals
name 2 main lymphatic vessels
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
WHere are antibodies produced?
spleen
How does lymph flow?
- contraction of skeletal muscles
- change in pressure during breathing
- peristalsis in digestive tract
- heartbeat pulse
What are the difference between blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph?
- BP : plasma and cell components
- Tissue F : plasma without RBC, plasma proteins, plateletes
- lymph : lipid, Tissue f. contents, lymphocytes
Why must lipid soluble nutrients diffuse into lacteals?
- Lipid soluble nutrients are too large to diffuse into blood cap.
- Epithelial cells of lacteals are not closely arranged end to end
There are small openings to allow lipid soluble nutrients to diffuse across.
