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Biologee > Transport in Humans and Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Humans and Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Why do unicellular organism not require a transport system

A
  • They have a large total surface area to volume ratio

- They obtain nutrients and gases via simple diffusion.

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2
Q

What are ostium?

A

-tiny openings to allow haemolymph in haemocoel to flow back into the heart

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3
Q

Explain the type of circulatory system insects have

A
  • open circulatory system
  • heart contracts –> haemolymph is pumped and flows into haemocoel –> haemolymph bathes the cells and gases and nutrients exchange via simple diffusion –> heart relax –> haemolymph flows into heart through the ostium
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4
Q

How many chambers does a fish have? What are they?

A
  • 2 chmabers

- 1 atrium, 1 ventricle

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5
Q

Why does fish have single circulatory system?

A
  • Blood flows in 1 direction
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6
Q

Deoxygenated blood flows from ____ to the gill cappilaries in fish

A

ventricle

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7
Q

what makes up the pulmocutaneous system in amphibiansa?

A
  • lung cappilaries

- skin

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8
Q

Explain the clood circulatory system in amphibians

A
  • imcomplete double circulatory system bcoz oxgenated and deoxygenated blood are mixed
  • heart consists of 2 atria, 1 ventricle
  • deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium –> ventricle contracts to pump deO2 blood out of heart to pulmocutaneous circulation –> gaseous exchange occurs –> O2 blood flows into left atrium of the heart –> ventricle contracts to pump O2 blood out of heart to the systemic circulation –> gaseous exchange occurs.
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9
Q

What is the function of pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery?

A
  • pulmonary vein: transports O2 blood from lung cap. to heart
  • pulmonary artery: transports deO2 blood from heart to lungs
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10
Q

Define blood

A

type of connective tissue made of 55% blood plasma , 45% cell components

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11
Q

Cardiac muscles are said to be ______ because they ________.

A

myogenic ; do not require stimulus by nerve impulses from central nervous system to continue beating

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12
Q

What is the function of tricuspid valve?

A

Ensure deO2 blood flows from right atrium to right ventricle without backflow.

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13
Q

what is the function of superior vena cava?

A

transport deO2 blood from heart to lungs

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14
Q

give examples of plasma proteins

A
  • fibrinogen : blood clotting mechanism
  • albumin : control blood osmotic pressure
  • globulin: type of antibody
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15
Q

Explain 3 characteristics of red blood cell

A
  • no nucleus: to contain more haemoglobin
  • biconcave disc shape: increase TSA/V for gaseous exchange
  • elastic plasma membrane: enables it to move across narrow blood vessels
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16
Q

how any O2 combine qith one haemoglobin

A

four

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17
Q

where is RBC formed

A

bone marrow

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18
Q

Name 3 types of granulocytes

A
  • neutrophil
  • basophil
  • eosinophil
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19
Q

Which leucocyte is in charge of allergy reactions?

A

basophill

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20
Q

What is the function of eosinophill

A

prevent blood clotting

21
Q

Explain the characteriscis and functions of monocyte

A
  • largest leucocyte
  • spherical-shaped nucleus
  • undergoes phagocytosis
22
Q

State 2 differences between vein and artery

A

Vein : Artery
has valve : no valve
large lumen : small lumen
thin,

23
Q

why is blood flowing in the artery under high pressure

A

due to the pumping force of the heart

24
Q

the heartbeatis coordinated by the ______

A

pacemaker

25
Q

what is the sequence in the heartbeat mechanism? Name the parts

A

sinoartrial node –> atrias –>atrioventricular node –> bundle of his –> purkinje fibres –> ventricle wal

26
Q

Where is the Bundle of His located?

A

apex of the heart

27
Q

what happens when SA node is stimulated?

A
  • atriums contract

- blood flows into ventricle

28
Q

When is the ‘lub’ sound produced?

A
  • ventricle contracts
  • semilunar valves opens
  • bicuspid & tricuspid valve closes
29
Q

Why does a person who stands too long faint?

A
  • less contraction of skeletal muscle

- O2 blood cannot circulate to brain efficiently

30
Q

What is thrombokinase?

A

An activator to convert prothrombin into thrombin

31
Q

What are the components of thrombokinase?

A
  • coagulated plateletes
  • dead cells
  • clotting factors
32
Q

Relate thrombokinase, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin.

A
  • Thrombokinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
  • Thrombin acts as an enzyme which converts fibrinogen into fibrin
  • Fribrin is a thread like protein fibre which forms a mesh which can trap more RBC to close the wound
33
Q

what are platelet plugs?

A
  • sticky platelets caused by action of clotting factors

- stops blood loss in small cuts

34
Q

Why might blood clots in blood vessels cause heart attack?

A
  • Blood clot in coronary artery prevents blood flow
  • Cardiac muscles lack O2
  • Cardiac muscles contract and relax excessively to pump more blood –> Heart attack occurs
35
Q

Why is it important that blood compatibality is ensured before blood transfusion?

A
  • Blood which is incompatible can cause agglutination in the receipients’ bloodstream
  • might lead to death
36
Q

What is Rh + blood?

A

RBC which has antigen D

37
Q

Explain how artherosclerosis happens.

A
  • plaque is formed and deposited on the arterial wall
  • clogs and narrow the lumen of artery
  • restricts blood flow
38
Q

What is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?

A

arterio : athero
deposit of plaque : deposit of calcium
narrows the lumen of artery : artery loses elasticity

39
Q

What is the importance of human lymphatic system?

A
  • maintain balance of fluid in the body
  • transport fat soluble nutrients to the blood stream
  • Produce and store lymphocyte
  • Protect the body against infectious diseases
40
Q

Why must interstitial fluid be returned to the blood circulatory system

A
  • to maintain normal blood volume

- to prevent accumulation of interstitial fluid in intercellular spaces –> oedema

41
Q

The thoracic duct receives lymph from where?

A
  • left side of head, neck & chest

- whole body

42
Q

What is the importance of lymph nodes?

A

Store lymphocytes which produces antibodies for the body’s immune system to fight against pathogens

43
Q

What lyph vessel is present in the digestive tract?

A

lacteals

44
Q

name 2 main lymphatic vessels

A

Right lymphatic duct

Thoracic duct

45
Q

WHere are antibodies produced?

A

spleen

46
Q

How does lymph flow?

A
  • contraction of skeletal muscles
  • change in pressure during breathing
  • peristalsis in digestive tract
  • heartbeat pulse
47
Q

What are the difference between blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph?

A
  • BP : plasma and cell components
  • Tissue F : plasma without RBC, plasma proteins, plateletes
  • lymph : lipid, Tissue f. contents, lymphocytes
48
Q

Why must lipid soluble nutrients diffuse into lacteals?

A
  • Lipid soluble nutrients are too large to diffuse into blood cap.
  • Epithelial cells of lacteals are not closely arranged end to end
    There are small openings to allow lipid soluble nutrients to diffuse across.

Biologee (10 decks)

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