Coordination and Response

Question 1

state the differences between sensory neurone, relay neurone and motor neurone

Answer 1

sensory:
-long dendron
-short axon
-cell body located between dendron and axon
relay:
-short dendron
-short axon
-cell body located at the grey matter of spinal cord
motor:
-short dendron
-long axon
-cell body located at the end of axon

Question 2

explain the transmission of nerve impulses from synaptic knob to dendrite

Answer 2

• electrical impulses reaches the presynaptic membrane of synaptic knob
• triggers the synaptic vesicles to move towards the presynaptic membrane
• synaptic vesicles bind with presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
• mitochondria generates energy for active transmission of electrical impulses
• neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and binds with specific protein receptors of the post-synaptic membrane
• the binding leads to generation of new electrical impulse
• impulse is transmitted

Question 3

function of myelin sheath

Answer 3

(insulating membrane coats on axon)

• protect the neurones from injury
• provide nutrients for axon
• act as an insulator during electrical impulses

Question 4

explain the effects of alcohol in transmission of nerve impulses

Answer 4

• alcohol is a depressant
• less neurotransmitters released from the synaptic vesicles
• less neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft
• alcohol destroys the neurotransmitters
• alcohol binds with neighbouring receptors
• less neurotransmitters bind with neighbouring receptor
• neighbouring dendrite less triggered
• transmission of nerve impulses is slowed down

Question 5

difference between dendrite, dendron and synaptic knob

Answer 5

dendrite receives nerve impulses from other neurones
dendron transmit impulses towards a cell body
synaptic knob transmit nerve impulses to muscle cells/ gland cells/ dendrites of other neurones

Question 6

hormones secreted by anterior and posterior pituitary gland

Answer 6

anterior:
GH(growth) , FSH(ovary, testis) , TSH(thyroid gland) , LH(ovary, testis) , ACTH(adrenal gland)
posterior:
oxytocin(uterus, breast) , ADH(kidney tubule)

Question 7

what hormone is secreted to:

• increase growth rate
• increase body temperature
• increase metabolism rate

Answer 7

thyroxine by thyroid glands

Question 8

relate the fight or flight situation with the endocrine system

Answer 8

• eye receptors detects the stimuli
• nerve impulse is triggered and transmitted to the hypothalamus via sensory neurone
• across synapse
• hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the adrenal gland
• adrenalin is secreted
• respiratory and heartbeat rate increases
• more glycogen are converted into glucose and transported to the muscle cells via bloodstream
• more o2 is inhaled
• heart pumps more glucose and oxygen to the skeletal muscles and brain
• rate of respiration increases
• more energy is generated for skeletal muscle cells to contract faster
• pupil of the eye dilates

Question 9

state the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus

Answer 9

diabetes mellitus patient does not produce enough insulin -glucose cannot be converted into glycogen in the liver- blood glucose level is always high

diabetes insipidus patient suffer from failure of posterior lobe of pituitary gland to produce ADH - water cannot be reabsorbed - urine in large quantity is produced

Question 10

what is the disease when excessive insulin is secreted

Answer 10

hypoglycaemia (bloog glucose level too low)

Question 11

difference between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

Answer 11

hyPOthyroidism - inadequate secretion of thyroxine

hyPERthyroidism - excessive secretion of thyroxine