Locomotion

Question 1

axial skeleton consist of skull, sternum
appendicular skeleton consist of femur, clavicle, humerus
true or false?

Answer 1

true
axial is skeletons in the middle
appendicular is upper limb, lower limb

Question 2

function of synovial fluid

Answer 2

act as lubricant to reduce friction between bones

Question 3

__ is the vertebra that controls nodding action of head

__ is the vertebra that controls shaking action of head

Answer 3

atlas(1st), axial/axis(2nd)

Question 4

state the differences between cervical vertebra, thoraxic vertebra and lumbar vertebra

Answer 4

cervical:
-short spinous process
-wide n short transverse process
-small centrum
-a pair of transverse foramina
thoraxic:
-long spinous process
-long transverse process
-medium centrum
-no transverse foramen
lumbar:
-short spinous process
-short transverse process
-big centrum
-no transverse foramen

Question 5

define antagonistic muscle

Answer 5

a pair of muscles that work in opposite directions stimultaneously

Question 6

explain arm bending and straightening

Answer 6

• biceps contract
• pulling force transmitted to radius through tendon
• tricep relax
• radius pulled upwards arm bend
• tricep contract
• pulling force transmittes to ulna
• ulna pulled downwards arm straighten

Question 7

explain the action of antogonistic muscle in walking

Answer 7

• calf muscle contract heels lifted
• biceps femoris contracts bending the foot at knee joint
• quadriceps femoris contracts straightening the foot
• tibialis contracts to bring the heel down
• weight shifted

Question 8

explain antagonistic muscle in earthworms

Answer 8

Chong Chiao Li, Lim Chee Seng(CCL, LCS)
Circular muscle Contract become Longer, Longitudinal muscle Contract become Shorter
-
posterior LCS, posterior chaetae anchor, anterior chaetae release their hold, anterior CCL, anterior chaetae anchor, posterior pulled to front

Question 9

explain antagonistic muscle in birds

Answer 9

pectorial minoris contract wing move up

pectorial major contract wing move down

Question 10

explain antagonistic muscle in grasshopper

Answer 10

FCFZ, ECSP

Flexor muscle Contract legs Folded in Z shape, Extensor muscle Contracts hind leg Straightens n Propel

Question 11

causes of osteoporosis

Answer 11

lack of calcium, phosphorus, vit D
no exercise
menopause - con. of oestrogen level decreases - rate of calcium metabolism decreases

Question 12

effects of wearing heels on skeletal system

Answer 12

• awkward curvature of leg
• pressure on knee joint - pain
• calf muscle contracts and shortens
• (achilles) tendon that attach calf muscle to bone stiffen and bc thicker - discomfort and pain
• pressure on ball of feet - pain
• tip the body forwards - pressure on toe joints - bunion

Question 13

causes of arthritis

Answer 13

tear of cartilage / worn out cartilage

Question 14

differences between tendon and ligament

Answer 14

tendon
-connect muscle to bone
-flexible, non elastic
-transmit pulling force from muscles to bones
ligament
-connect bone to bone
- elastic
-allow bones to be bent at joints