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Biologee > Human Digestive System > Flashcards

Human Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Define peristalsis

A

ryhtmaic contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue in the digestive tract

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2
Q

Explain the juice present in the stomach

A
  • Gastric juice is secreted by gastric glands.
  • Contains hydrochloric acid: neutralise alkaline condition of salivary amylase in bolus // convert pepsinogen into pepsin
  • pepsinogen : inactive enzyme
  • mucus : protect the inner walls of stomach
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3
Q

explain the digestion of protein in the duodenum

A
  • receives bile secreted from liver
  • containing trypsin to hydrolyse polypeptide into dipeptide.
  • H20 is added for hydrolisation
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4
Q

Why can’t carbohydrate be digested in the stomach?

A
  • HCL secreted by parietal cell stops the action of salivary amylase in the bolus
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5
Q

What is the function of liver in the digestive tract?

A
  • Produces bile for digestion in the duodenum
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6
Q

What are the contents of intestinal juice?

A
  • erepsin - lipase - maltase - lactase - sucrase
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7
Q

Write the chemical equation for lactose

A

lactose + water –> galactase + glucose

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8
Q

Benedict’s test added to a piece of food sample has truned from blue to brick red percipitate. What does this indicate、

A

Protein is present in food sample

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9
Q

What is the expected result when starch, salivary amylase and iodine solution is mixed?

A

brown (remain unchanged)

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10
Q

define assimilation

A

utilization of end products of digestion to build complex compounds by body cells

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11
Q

State the adaptations of ileum

A

Long and has folded layers with a large number of villi

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12
Q

State the adaptations of villus

A
  • One cell thick epithelial wall : easier exchange of gaseous
  • surrounded by a large network of blood capillaries: efficient transportation.
  • goblet cells: secretes mucus to aid digestion
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13
Q

Explain how amino acid is absorbed for the use in body

A
  • amino acid actively absorbed into blood cappilaries
  • transported through hepatic portal vein to liver
  • liver to body cells via hepatic vein
  • synthesize enzymes and hormones // plasma protein // repair damaged tissues
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14
Q

state 5 substances absorbed into the blood capillaries

A
  • fructose : facillitated diffusion
  • glucose: active
  • amino acid: active
  • vitamin B, C : absorbed with water
  • water : osmosis
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15
Q

what happens to excess amino acid in the liver

A
  • deamination occurs
  • amino acid is converted into urea
  • urea is excreted in urine
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16
Q

what is the use of plasma protein ?

A
  • blood clotting

- osmoregulation

17
Q

what are the uses of lipid in the body

A
  • excess lipid is stored in adipose tissue as heat insulator
  • fat is oxidised to generate energy when there is insufficient glucose
  • main component to buil phospholipid and cholesterol in plasma membrane
18
Q

What happens to excess glucose

A
  • Glucose is converted into glycogen with the help of insulin hormone.
  • excess glycogen stored in liver as fats
19
Q

How is fatty acid and lipid absorbed into lacteals?

A
  • Fatty acid and lacteal recombine (condensation) to form tiny lipid droplets
  • lipid droplets diffuse into lacteals
20
Q

What are the main roles of the large intestine?

A
  • Reabsorb water and minerals

- formation of feaces

21
Q

where are the exterior and interior sphincter muscles located?

A

anus

22
Q

Name 3 intestinal contents in the faeces

A

water // dead cells // dead bacteria // fibre // toxins (drugs) // cellulose from plant walls // bile pigment // undigested food

23
Q

Why is reabsorbtion of water and minerals important in the large intestine?

A
  • retain water in the body
  • to form a semi-solid feaces
  • maintain body health through absorbtion of minerals
24
Q

Explain the formation of faeces

A
  • undigested food enters the large intestine after absorbtion in the small intestine.
  • the intestinal contents are such as dead cells n bacteria, fibres, bile pigments and drugs
  • water and minerals are reabsorbed in the colon to form a semi-solid substance that is faeces.
25
Q

How does gastric bypass surgery help an obese person?

A
  • reduce the size of stomach
26
Q

What are the side effects of gastric bypass?

A
  • nausea
  • acid reflux
  • vomiting
  • expanded oesophagus
  • risk of infection
27
Q

What is haemorrhoids?

A
  • conditition when hard and dry faeces remains inthe rectum for too long
  • increases pressure on blood vessels around anus
  • blood vessels stretch and rupture
  • causing burning sensation and bleeding
28
Q

What is the effect of toxic substance in the faeces toward the humans’ body?

A
  • causes uncontrolled mitosis in colon cells

- collon cancer

29
Q

What is BMR

A
  • Basal Metabollic rate

- the minimum rate of energy used by the body to keep it alive

30
Q

What food class should pregnant mothers control?

A
  • carbohydrate

- prevents pregnancy diabetes

31
Q

Why must elderly people reduce red meat intake?

A
  • red meat has purines
  • forms excess uric acid deposited in between joints
  • causing gout arthritis
32
Q

Which formula is correct?
A: energy value = 4.2 x mass of water x mass of food / increase in temperature x 1000

B: E = 4.2 x mass of water x increase in temperature / mass of food

C: E = 4.2 x mass of water x increase in temperature / mass of food x 1000

A

C

33
Q

Why is a diet rich in fat unhealthy?

A
  • Fat is converted into fatty acid and lipid which makes up cholesterol.
  • High level of cholesterol will be deposited in the inner wall of blood vessels –> atherosclerosis
  • The blocked arteries increase blood pressure
  • Lack of oxygenated blood to cardiac muscles causes heart attack
  • excess cholesterl lead to gallstone formation

Biologee (10 decks)

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