transport in animals - key terms Flashcards
Define circulatory system
a system of tubes (veins, capillaries, arteries) with a pump (heart) and valves (in heart and veins) to ensure a one-way flow of blood.
Define single circulation system
Blood flows through the heart once every complete circuit (No Septum)
Two heart chambers (Atrium and Ventricle)
Blood absorbs oxygen in the gills in lower-pressure
Released in body cells, then back to the heart
Define double circulation system
Four heart chambers
Blood passes through the heart twice every complete circuit
Oxygenated in the lungs, to the heart, to the body, and back to the heart
The heart strutcure: Define right atrium
collect deoxygenated blood & pump it to the right ventricle
The heart strutcure: Define right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
The heart strutcure: Define pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
The heart strutcure: Define septum
separates the left and right sides of the heart and keeps deoxygenated and oxygenated blood separate.
The heart strutcure: Define pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
The heart strutcure: Define left atrium
collect oxygenated blood and pump it to the left ventricle
The heart strutcure: Define left ventricle
pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta
The heart strutcure: Define aorta
carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
The heart strutcure: Define Atrioventricular and Semi-lunar Valves
prevent backflow of blood
Define the function and structure of the arteries
-function: Transport high-pressure blood away from heart
-structure: Elastic tissue walls stretch and relax as blood is forced out; causes pulse
Thick walls to withstand high pressure
Small lumen maintains (high) blood pressure.
Define the function and structure of the veins
-function: Transport low pressure blood to the heart
-structure: Valves prevent backflow of blood.
Blood is at low pressure, but nearby muscles squeeze veins and help push blood to the heart
Large and wide lumen to reduce resistance to the flow of blood
Define the function and structure of the capillaries
-function: Allow substances to diffuse into cells
-structure: One cell thick wall for easy diffusion
Highly branched; large surface area
Capillary beds constantly supplied with fresh blood, so diffusion occurs
Define red blood cell
biconcave shape, haemoglobin and oxygen transport (oxy-haemoglobin)
Define white blood cells
phagocytosis and antibody production
Define platelets
allows/promotes blood clotting
Define plasma
transport of blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones and carbon dioxide (mostly water and dissolved substances)
Define phagocyte
Phagocytes have lobed/irregular C-shaped nuclei and vesicles containing digestive enzymes.
Define phagocytosis
engulfs pathogen, vesicles fuse with the vacuole, enzymes digest bacteria.
Define antigen
protein/carbohydrate on the surface of the pathogen which provokes the immune system
Define lymphocyte
Lymphocytes have a circular nucleus and are found in blood. Large nucleus/small cytoplasm, and they produce antibodies,
Define antibodies
Y-shaped proteins bind to label pathogens, marking them for destruction by the phagocytes.
