transport in animals - key terms

Question 1

Define circulatory system

Answer 1

a system of tubes (veins, capillaries, arteries) with a pump (heart) and valves (in heart and veins) to ensure a one-way flow of blood.

Question 2

Define single circulation system

Answer 2

Blood flows through the heart once every complete circuit (No Septum)
Two heart chambers (Atrium and Ventricle)
Blood absorbs oxygen in the gills in lower-pressure
Released in body cells, then back to the heart

Question 3

Define double circulation system

Answer 3

Four heart chambers
Blood passes through the heart twice every complete circuit
Oxygenated in the lungs, to the heart, to the body, and back to the heart

Question 4

The heart strutcure: Define right atrium

Answer 4

collect deoxygenated blood & pump it to the right ventricle

Question 5

The heart strutcure: Define right ventricle

Answer 5

pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

Question 6

The heart strutcure: Define pulmonary artery

Answer 6

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Question 7

The heart strutcure: Define septum

Answer 7

separates the left and right sides of the heart and keeps deoxygenated and oxygenated blood separate.

Question 8

The heart strutcure: Define pulmonary vein

Answer 8

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Question 9

The heart strutcure: Define left atrium

Answer 9

collect oxygenated blood and pump it to the left ventricle

Question 10

The heart strutcure: Define left ventricle

Answer 10

pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta

Question 11

The heart strutcure: Define aorta

Answer 11

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

Question 12

The heart strutcure: Define Atrioventricular and Semi-lunar Valves

Answer 12

prevent backflow of blood

Question 13

Define the function and structure of the arteries

Answer 13

-function: Transport high-pressure blood away from heart
-structure: Elastic tissue walls stretch and relax as blood is forced out; causes pulse
Thick walls to withstand high pressure
 Small lumen maintains (high) blood pressure.

Question 14

Define the function and structure of the veins

Answer 14

-function: Transport low pressure blood to the heart
-structure: Valves prevent backflow of blood.
Blood is at low pressure, but nearby muscles squeeze veins and help push blood to the heart
Large and wide lumen to reduce resistance to the flow of blood

Question 15

Define the function and structure of the capillaries

Answer 15

-function: Allow substances to diffuse into cells
-structure: One cell thick wall for easy diffusion
Highly branched; large surface area
Capillary beds constantly supplied with fresh blood, so diffusion occurs

Question 16

Define red blood cell

Answer 16

biconcave shape, haemoglobin and oxygen transport (oxy-haemoglobin)

Question 17

Define white blood cells

Answer 17

phagocytosis and antibody production

Question 18

Define platelets

Answer 18

allows/promotes blood clotting

Question 19

Define plasma

Answer 19

transport of blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones and carbon dioxide (mostly water and dissolved substances)

Question 20

Define phagocyte

Answer 20

Phagocytes have lobed/irregular C-shaped nuclei and vesicles containing digestive enzymes.

Question 21

Define phagocytosis

Answer 21

engulfs pathogen, vesicles fuse with the vacuole, enzymes digest bacteria.

Question 22

Define antigen

Answer 22

protein/carbohydrate on the surface of the pathogen which provokes the immune system

Question 23

Define lymphocyte

Answer 23

Lymphocytes have a circular nucleus and are found in blood. Large nucleus/small cytoplasm, and they produce antibodies,

Question 24

Define antibodies

Answer 24

Y-shaped proteins bind to label pathogens, marking them for destruction by the phagocytes.