Transport in Animals - Chapter 9

Question 1

What is plasma?

Answer 1

Blood plasma is mostly water. It has other susbstances dissolved in it. Soluble ntureints like amino acids, glucose, and mineral ions are carreid in the plasma. They also transport hormones like adrelaine, and carry waste products such as urea and carbon dioxide.

Question 2

How does water work in the plasma?

Answer 2

Water-
Source: Absorbed in the small intestine and colon
Desitnation: All cells
Extra notes: The excess is removed by kidneys

Answer 3

Various proteins like fibrogin and antibodies-
Source: Fibrogin are made by the liver, and antibodies are made by lymphcytes
Desitnation: reamin in the blood
Extra notes: fibrogin helps in blood clotting, antibodies prevent invading pathogens from entering, by killing them

Answer 4

Lipids including cholestrol and fatty acids-
Source: absorbed in the illeum, also derived in the fat reserves of the body
Desitnation: to the liver for the breakdown, for the anipose tissue for storage, for respiring cyles to have energy
Extra notes: They breakdown of fat yields high energy, heart muscle require it largely for its energy suuply

Answer 5

Crbohydrates especilaly gllucose-
Source: absorbed in the illeum, and the breakdown of glycogen in the liver
Desitnation: to all cells for respiration
Extra notes: excess glucose is converted to glycogen to store in the liver

Answer 6

excretory susbstance like urea-
Source: produced by the amino acid deaanimation in the liver
Desitnation: to all the cells
Extra notes: most of the urea is removed by the kidneys to dissolve in water to form urine

Answer 7

mineral ions like sodium and cholirne-
Source: absorbed in the illeum and colon
Desitnation: to all cells
Extra notes: Excess ions are excreted by the kindey

Answer 8

hormones -
Source: secreted in the blood by endocirne glands
Desitnation: to all parts of body
Extra notes: hormones have target cells, harmones are broken down in the liver, and the excess is excreted by the kidneys

Answer 9

dissolved gases, like co2-
Source: co2 is releaed by all cells as a waste produt of respiration
Desitnation: lungs for excretion
Extra notes: most co2 is carried to hydrcarbonate ions in teh blood plasma

Question 10

What are white blood cells, and their functions?

Answer 10

White blood cells are easily recongnized because they have a nuclues. The nuclues is very large. All white blood cells, can more around easily, they can squeen therough the walls of blood capillaries. Their function is to fight of pahtogen adn to clear up dead body cells. W

Question 11

How does a white blood cell destroy a pathogen and what is phagocytosis.

Answer 11

A phagocyte morves towards a group of bacteria and flows around them. Rhe phagocyte cell membrane fuses together enclosing the bacteria in a vacuole. Enzymes are secreted by the vacuole and digest the bacteria. Solub;e sustances diffuse from the vauole to the pahgocytes vaoule.
Phagocytosis: taking vacteria or other small cell structures and difesting them with enzmyes.
Phagocytes: white blood cells that destroy pathogen by phagocytosis (have a lobed nuclues)
Lymphocytes: white blood cells that secrete antibodies(have a large round nuclues)

Question 12

What is red blood cells and heamoglobin

Answer 12

Red blood cells are red because they contain the pigment hamogolibn. They are proeteins that carry oxygen and contain iron. It is this iron that readily combines with oxygen, when oxygen concentration is relativley high. This happens when the blood capilalries take blood colse to the alveoli in the lungs. Heamoglin that is combined with oxygen is known as oxyheamoglobin. This readily releases oxygen when oxygen supply is low. This happens when the blood passing through coapliarries close tho the cells that are resipiring, using up oxygen.

Question 13

How does red bloods features help it?

Answer 13

Red blood cells are unusual because they don’t pocess a mitchonnidra and nuclues. The lack of nublues means tehere are more space for packing in heamoglobin, and lack of mitcohondira , means that michondira won’t use up all the enrgy fo the cell.
Their shape is also usnual. They are biconcave. This toghet with their small size, gives them a relativly large suraface area compared with volume. This high surface are to volume roation speeds up the rate at which oxygen diffuses in an out of the cell. Small size also allows them to easily squeeze through blood capilarries, means oxygen can be taken very close to the blood.

Question 14

How do we name blood vessels. ANd what are the two blood vessels connected to the liver.

Answer 14

The artery and the vein are named according to the organ they are connected to.
The liver has two blood bessels supplying iit with blood. The first is the haptic arter, and the second is the haptic portl vein. This vein brings blood from the digestive system, so that the liver can process the food which has been absorbedm before it travels to other boyd parts. All the blood leaves the liver in the heaptic veins. Hepatic artery: blood vessels that supplies oxygneted blood to the liver
Hepatic vein: the blood vessel that carries blood away from the liver

Question 15

What is an artery?

Answer 15

Function: carries blood away from the heart
Structure of wall: thick and strong containing muscle with elastic tissue
Width of lumen: relativly narrow, varies with heartbeat because it can stretch and recoil
How structure fits function: strength and elacticity required to with stand the high pressure and pulsing of clood as it is pumped through the arteries and the heart

Question 16

What is a capillary?

Answer 16

Function: supply all teh cells with their requirements, tehy take away waste products
Structure of wall: very thin, only one cell thick
Width of lumen: very narrow, just wide enough for red blood cells to pass through
How structure fits function: no need for strong walls, as most of the blood pressure has been lost, thin walls and narrow lumen, bring blood into close cotnact with body tissues

Question 17

What is a vein and what happens to valves with conflicting pressure’s?

Answer 17

Function: return blood to heart
Structure of wall: quite thin containing far less muscle and elastic tissue compared to artery
Width of lumen: wide, containing valves
How structure fits function: non need for strong vessels, as most of blood pressure has been lost. wide lumen offers less resistance to blood flow, valves prevent backflow.
Veins have valves in them to preven backflow of blood. If there is pressure being applied, from the bottom, valves open. If pressure is applied from top, valves contract.

Question 18

What is the circulatory system?

Answer 18

A system of blood bessels, with a pump knonw as the heart and valves to ensure only way of blood flow.

Question 19

What is a double circulatory system?

Answer 19

Double circulatory system: blood passes through the heart twice on one complete ciruit of the body. We divide it into two systems:
One that takes blood from and to the lungs: pulmonary system
One that takes blood to and from all parts of the body: systematic system
Advantages: Very important has when blood is given, it loses a lot of pressure, meaning, blood gets transported slowly. So if blood passes the heart again, teh heart will again increase the pressure. Particulary important when it comes to delivery of oxygen for respiration. They require high amounts of oxygen delvierd by the blood. If it isn’t the metabolic reactions don’t occur, leading to problems.

Question 20

What is single circulatory system

Answer 20

Single circulatory system: blood passes through the heart once on one complete circuit of the body. Oxygen diffuses into the bloods from teh gills. Oxygen difuses from teh bloods to the rest of the body cells.

Question 21

What are platelets and what do they do ?

Answer 21

Small fragments of cells, with no nuclues, made in the red bone marrow, and are involved in blood blotting. Blood clotting stops pathogen to get into you skin and infect our body. Blood clotting also prevents blood loss.

Question 22

Hod does a blood clot form?

Answer 22

Blood plasma contains a soluble protein called fibinogen. When a blood vessel is broken the platelets releases a substance(enzyme) which makes the fibrinogen change. Teh soluble fibrinogen becomes an insoluble protein known as fibrin. This forms fibres, which pile up on top of each other forming a mesh like structure to seal the wound. Red blood cells get trappen in this mesh. The platelets stick together to form clmps. The fibres, and trapped red blood cells and the clumps of platelts form a blood clot.