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A Level: Biology > Transport In animals > Flashcards

Transport In animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Define mass transport

A

Movement of oxygen nutrients hormones waste and heat around the body

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2
Q

What are the three main reasons for a mass transport system

A
  • diffusion distance is too far to meet demands
  • surface area to volume ratio is low
  • metabolic demands of large organisms is high
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3
Q

What makes a efficient circulatory system

A

A pump
A means of maintaining pressure
A transport medium
An exchange surface

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4
Q

What is an open circulatory system

A

The blood is not always maintained inside vessels but circulates the body cavity

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5
Q

What is a closed circulatroy system

A

The blood is always maintained inside vessels (arteries/ capillaries/ veins)

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6
Q

What is haemolymph

A

Blood and cell fluids

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7
Q

What happens in a open circulatory system

A

The heart pumps the transport medium, haemolymph into vessels, but vessels then empty into large cavities containing organs

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8
Q

What is the name for a open body

A

Haemocoel

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9
Q

What are the advantages of a closed circulatory system

A

1) maintenance of higher blood pressure
2) rate of flow/ delivery to certain organs can be controlled
3) flow can be directed to certain areas

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10
Q

What type of pressure is blood in a closed circulatory system under than in a open circulatory system

A

Higher pressure

Higher rate of flow

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11
Q

Why is a closed circulatory system better than an open circulatory system

A

More efficient at supplying the muscles
Deliver o2 and more quickly n remove CO2 and urea more quickly too
can direct blood to wherever needs more oxygen and nutrients

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12
Q

What is a single circulatory system

A

Blood passes through the heart once for each circulation of the body

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13
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

Where blood passes through the heart twice for each circulation of the body

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14
Q

Give an example of a single and double circulatory system

A

Mammals- double

Fish-single

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15
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system

A

The heart can increase the pressure of blood after it has passed through the lungs so blood flows more quickly

The systemic circulation can carry blood at a higher pressure than pulmonary circulation

Blood pressure may not be too high so not to damage the capillaries

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16
Q

Why is it that capillaries are easily damaged

A

Capillaries are one cell thick and so a high hydrostatic pressure here could be easily damaged

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17
Q

What causes the high pressure of the artery

A

The contraction of the ventricle muscle in the heart

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18
Q

Describe the structure of an artery which allows it to maintain and withstand a high pressure

A

Thick tunica externa with collagen
Thick elastic fibres
Thick smooth muscle
Folded endothelium

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19
Q

What happens when smooth muscle contracts

A

Lumen gets smaller: this maintains a high pressure

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20
Q

What do arterioles link

A

Links arteries and capillaries

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21
Q

What do arterioles have more of than arteries

What does this mean

A

Have more smooth muscle than arteries

So can constrict or dilate to control the flow of blood into individual organs

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22
Q

What blood vessel is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Arterioles - smooth muscle contracts/relaxes limiting blood flow into organs

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23
Q

Why is the endothelium folded

A

So endothelium does not become damaged as artery wall stretches

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24
Q

How is wall adapted to withstand high pressure

A

Thick layer of collagen

Endothelium is folded

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25
Q

How is artery wall adapted to maintain high pressure

A
  • Thick layer of elastic tissue( elastic fibres are able to stretch and recoil )
  • Thick layer of smooth muscle to narrow lumen and construct artery
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26
Q

Where do veins carry blood

A

Back to the heart

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27
Q

Describe the blood in veins

A

Deoxygenated

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28
Q

Why is blood in the veins under low pressure

A

It has to be moved against gravity

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29
Q

Describe the structure of a vein

A

Thin elastic layer
Fibrous/tough outer layer of collagen
Thin smooth muscle layer
Smooth endothelium

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30
Q

Why do veins have valves

A

To prevent the back flow of blood

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31
Q

What do capillaries link

A

Links arterioles and venules in the tissue

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32
Q

Describe the wall of capillaries

A

One cell thick squamous endothelium

Small gaps between cells for passage of phagocytes and material in tissue fluid

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33
Q

Describe the lumen in capillaries

A

Small, so that one red blood cell flows at a time single file

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34
Q

Name four adaptations of the capillaries

A

Provide a very large SA for diffusion
Narrow lumen- blood flow decreases more time for diffusion
Lower pressure than arteries
One cell thick- short diffusion distance

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35
Q

What does the blood transport

A 
Oxygen 
CO2
Waste 
Chemical messages ie Hormones
Food molecules
Platelets
Cells and antibodies
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36
Q

What does the high pressure in the blood mean

A

A high hydrostatic pressure

This forces fluid out of the tiny gaps between endothelium cells in capillary

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37
Q

Name the components of tissue fluid

A 
Glucose
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Oxygen
Neutrophils
Hormones
Vitamins
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38
Q

What moves across the cell surface membrane from the tissue fluid

A

Into-
Oxygen
Glucose
Amino acids

Out-
CO2

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39
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure created by water in an enclosed system

40
Q

What is oncotic pressure

A

The tendency of water to move into the blood by osmosis as a result of result of the plasma proteins that remain in the blood

41
Q

What is the osmotic effect which plasma proteins have

A

Plasma proteins gives blood in the capillaries a lower water potential than tissue fluid

42
Q

What is the formula for filtration pressure

A

Size of hydrostatic pressure- size of oncotic pressure

43
Q

Describe pressure and movement of fluid at the:

Arterial end

A

Hydrostatic pressure bigger size than oncotic pressure

Fluid moves out from capillary

44
Q

Describe pressure and movement of fluid at the:

At the venous end

A

Hydrostatic pressure smaller size than oncotic pressure

Fluid moves into Capillary

45
Q

Name two examples of waste products that leave cells

A

Urea

CO2

46
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A

A network of vessels throughout the body that absorb fluid and fatty acids

47
Q

What happens to the contents of lymph

A

They are drained back into the bloodstream via two ducts that join a vein close to the heart

48
Q

Why does the heart need constant supply of blood

A

The heart requires ATP to beat

The heart therefore requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to respite fatty acids

49
Q

What is systole

A

A period of contraction of the cardiac muscle

50
Q

What is diastole

A

A period of relaxation of the cardiac muscle

51
Q

The heart muscle is myogenic what does this mean

How does it achieve this

A

It can initiate its own contraction

Pacemaker cells

52
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle

A 
Ventricular systole 
AV valve close
SL valves open 
>
Diastole
Low pressure
SL valve closed
AV valve open 
>
Atrial systole 
AV valve open
sL valve closed t.

(Repeats)

53
Q

In terms of pressure which way does blood flow

A

From a higher to a lower pressure

54
Q

Describe the “lub-dub” sound we have as the heart beats

A

The first sound= atrioventricular valve close

Second sound= semilunar valve closes

55
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall

A

Because it needs to pump blood at a higher pressure

It also pumps blood further around the body

56
Q

Why must the heart have constant blood supply

A

It is a working organ so requires ATP

Heart must have a constant supply of oxygen as muscle cells in the heart only respite fatty acids, to do this you need constant supply of oxygen

57
Q

What is the units for heart rate

A

Bpm

58
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle each time the hearts beats

59
Q

what is cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle in one minute

60
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node found

A

Top right of the atrium

61
Q

What does the SAN do

A

Initiates a wave of excitation at regular intervals

62
Q

How is the atria specialised so not to conduct the wave at the base of the atria

A

The base of atria is non conductive - prevents the spread over the ventricle walls

63
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node

A

Top of the inter-ventricular septum

64
Q

Describe the initiation and coordination of heart action

A

1) sinoatrial node initiates a wave of electrical excitation
2) spreads over the walls of the atria causing the cardiac muscle there to contract
3) the wave of excitation reach the AVN, it is delayed here to allow the complete contraction of the atria muscle, allowing blood to flow down into the ventricle before the muscle of ventricle starts to contract
4) the wave travels down conductive tissue called purkyne tissue
5) it reaches the base of the ventricles and spreads over the wall causing the muscle to contract from the base upwards (ventricular systole)
6) blood is pushed into the major arteries at top of the heart
7) heart goes into diastole

65
Q

What is the job of electrocardiograms

A

Used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart

66
Q

PQRST represents a normal ECG wave, explain what each letter represents

A

P- atria systole
QRS- ventricular systole
T- diastole

67
Q

How does a ECG know when the heart contracts

A

It depolarises (loses electrical charge) when it contracts and

repolarises (regains charge) when it relaxes

68
Q

What is tachycardia

A

When the heart rate is very rapid

More frequent peaks

69
Q

What is bradycardia

A

When heart rate slows down

70
Q

If a person has severe bradycardia, what may they need

A

An artificial pacemaker to keep the heart beating more steadily

71
Q

What is ectopic heart beat

A

Extra heartbeats that are out of the normal rhythm

72
Q

What is atrial fibrillation

A

When the beat is not coordinated the heartbeat is irregular and has lost its rhythm

73
Q

Explain what happens in atrial fibrillation

A

Rapid electrical impulses are generated in the atria

The atria does not contract properly

Some of the impulses passed on to ventricles, which contract less often

74
Q

What is arrhythmia an example of

A

Atrial fibrillation

75
Q

What is the technical name for a blood clot in the coronary Artery

A

A myocardial infarction

76
Q

Suggest the cause of an ECG which has a QRS complex that is smaller than normal

A

The ventricle muscle
Is not contracting properly

This could be because of muscle damage or because the AVN is not conducting impulses to the ventricle properly

77
Q

How is a red blood cell specialised to achieve its function

A

It is biconcage shape
No nucleus- extra space inside for haemoglobin
Contain haemoglobin

78
Q

What type of protein is haemoglobin

A

Quaternary protein

79
Q

How many polypeptide chains and harm groups in haemoglobin

A

4 chains

4 haem groups

80
Q

How many oxygen can one haemoglobin molecule carry

A

Each haem group can carry one

So each molecule of haemoglobin can carry 4 molecules of 02

81
Q

How is the volume of oxygen measured, what are it’s units

A

Partial pressure

kPa

82
Q

Finish the sentence:

The greater the volume of dissolved oxygen, the ……. its partial pressure

A

Higher

83
Q

How does oxygen diffuse into the blood

A

There is a high partial pressure in the alveoli

Low Partial pressure in the blood

Diffuses from high to low

Haemoglobin associates oxygen

Haemoglobin has a high affinity, becomes saturated and forms oxyhaemoglobin

84
Q

Where do erythrocytes take oxyhaemoglobin to

What happens here

A

Respiring tissues

It dissociates o2

85
Q

What is the oxygen dissociation curve

A

% 02 saturation of haemoglobin plotted against the partial pressure of O2 in the surroundings

86
Q

What shape is the oxygen dissociation curve

A

Sigmoid

S shaped

87
Q

Why is the oxygen dissociation curve S shaped

A

Difficult for the first oxygen molecule to associate with haem group (which is in the centre of the molecule)

Binding of the first oxygen causes conformational change

Allows second n third oxygen molecules to associate with other haem groups more easily

But it’s very difficult for the fourth molecule to diffuse in and associate

88
Q

describe fetal haemoglobin

A

Fetal haemoglobin associates with oxygen from the fluid in the placenta

Fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen

89
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen like in placenta

A

Low partial pressure

90
Q

In what partial pressure does fetal Hb associate

A

At lower partial pressure

91
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported

A

5% dissolved into the plasma
10% is combined with haemoglobin to form carbaminoharmoglobin
85% transported in form of hydrogencarbonate ions

92
Q

Describe the Bohr effect

A

Higher pCO2 due to more aerobic respiration

The curve shifts to the right

Haemoglobin has lower affinity for O2

So haemoglobin dissociates more O2 at a given partial pressure of oxygen

93
Q

What is the advantage of the Bohr effect

A

Actively respiring tissue needs more oxygen

For aerobic respiration to make ATP

Actively respiring tissue creates more CO2

Lowered affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

More O2 released at the same partial pressure of oxygen

94
Q

Explain the formation of hydrogen carbonate ions

A

1) CO2 and H20 concerted by carbonic anhydrase into carbonic acid
2) carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and hydrogen carbonate ions
3) HCO3- carbonate ions diffuse into plasma
4) h+ bind with oxyhaemoglobin to release more oxygen
5) acid form haemoglobonic acid
6) low pCO2 at lungs causes reverse of the process

95
Q

What can lower the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

A

CO2

A Level: Biology (18 decks)

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