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A Level: Biology > Cell Division, Diversity And Organisation > Flashcards

Cell Division, Diversity And Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis is the type of nuclear division that produces _________ __________________ daughter cells

A

Genetically identical

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2
Q

Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces ___________ ________________ daughter cells

A

Genetically different

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3
Q

____________ is used to produce gametes in humans

A

Meiosis

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4
Q

___________ produces new tissue in the human body

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

All cells produced by mitosis will have the _______ number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

Same

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6
Q

All cells produced by meiosis will have ___________ the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

Half

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7
Q

Define somatic cell

A

Anything that isn’t a gamete

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8
Q

What is a haploid

A

A cell with half the number of chromosomes

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9
Q

What is a diploid

A

A cell with paired chromosomes

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10
Q

Name three uses of mitosis

A

Growth of tissues
Replacement of cells (repair tissue)
Proliferation of white blood cells

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11
Q

What does proliferation mean

A

Reproduce

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12
Q

How many chromosomes in a:
Haploid
Zygote
Somatic cell

A

23
46
46

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13
Q

Define homologous chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes: one paternal and one maternal

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14
Q

What is a centromere

A

A point that holds the two chromosomes together

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15
Q

Why is it that we can see chromosomes through a microscope

A

Because the chromosome has replicated and have become supercoiled (coiled around a histone protein)

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16
Q

What. Happens in the first growth phase of the cell cycle

A

Protein synthesis
Organelles replicate
Growth of cells

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17
Q

What happens during the synthesis phase of the cell cycle

A

DNA replication

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18
Q

What happens during the second growth phase of the cell cycle

A

Cell continues to grow in size
ATP is made and duplicated
DNA is checked for errors

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19
Q

What happens during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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20
Q

What is G0

A

The name given to the phase when the cell leaves the cell cycle ( either temporarily or permanently)

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21
Q

For what reason could a cell go into G0

A
  • There is a mutation in the DNA
  • DNA has been damaged
  • Once the cell has differentiated (the cell is specialised to carry out a specific function so is no longer able to divide- it will permanently leave the cell cycle)
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22
Q

Are somatic cells:
A) haploid cells
B) diploid cells

A

Diploid

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23
Q

What type of reproduction is mitosis used in

A

Asexual

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24
Q

What must the cell have in order to divide

What is involved to ensure this

A

Be the right size
Replicated DNA is error free
The chromosomes are in correct positions

Checkpoints

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25
Q

What do checkpoints in the cell cycle do

A

They monitor and verify whether processes at each phase of the cell cycle has been accurately completed

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26
Q

G1 checkpoint:

  • What does it check for?
  • Where is it?
A

Cell size
Nutrients
Growth factors
DNA damage

At the end of G1 phase before S phase

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27
Q

S phase checkpoint

  • What does it check for?
  • Where is it?
A

DNA replicated correctly
DNA damage

At the end of S phase

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28
Q

What is another name for G0

A

Resting phase

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29
Q

G2 checkpoint

  • What does it check for?
  • Where is it?
A

Cell size
DNA replicated correctly
DNA damage

At the end of G2 phase before the mitotic phase

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30
Q

Spindle assembly/ metaphase checkpoint

  • What does it check for?
  • Where is it?
A

Chromosomes attached to spindle

Metaphase of mitosis

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31
Q

What part of the plant must you use to observe mitosis

A

A growing part of the plant, e.g root or shoot

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32
Q

Why is it that root tip should be used when observing mitosis

A

Here there is meristematic tissue so is where cell division takes place

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33
Q

What type of slide would be prepared for observing mitosis

What type of stain would be used

A

Squash slide

Acetic orcein/ methylene blue

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34
Q

Describe what happens during prophase

A

Chromosomes supercoil and become visible-consist of two chromatids held together by a centromere

Centrioles divide- move to opposite poles

Spindle fibres come out from centrioles

Nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope disintergrates ( AT THE END OF PROPHASE)

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35
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

Chromosomes align at the EQUATOR of the cell helped by spindle fibres

Chromosomes are not paired but are still attached to spindle fibres by their centromere

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36
Q

Describe what happens during Anaphase

A

Spindle fibres pull the chromatids apart > now chromosomes

Centromere divides

Chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cells

Chromosomes number doubles

37
Q

Describe what happens in telophase

A

A nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes

The chromosomes uncoil returning to chromatin

Nucleolus is formed

38
Q

When does cytokinesis occur in animal cells

A

Between telophase and interphase

39
Q

What happens during cytokinesis

A

The cell surface membrane on each side joins up

Creating two separate cells

40
Q

What do plant cells not have which is important in mitosis

A

Centrioles

41
Q

Describe cytokinesis in plant cells

A

The vesicles fuse with each other (form cell plate) and the cell surface membrane dividing the cell into two

New sections of cell wall then form along the new sections of membranes

42
Q

Name a difference in organelles between plant and animal cells

A

Plant cells don’t have centrioles

Animal cells do

43
Q

How do yeast cells reproduce

A

Asexually

Budding

44
Q

Describe the cells made in budding

A

Genetically identical

45
Q

How does the nucleus divide in yeast cells

A

Mitosis

46
Q

Describe the process of budding

A

1) swelling on the surface of the cell (dna is replicated)
2) mitosis occurs
3) the nucleus divides
4) nucleus cytoplasm and organelles move into the swelling
5) the swelling pinches off by budding to form 2 genetically identical cells

47
Q

Name an example of a plant that produces asexually

A

Strawberry plants

Potatoes

48
Q

How do bacteria reproduce

A

Asexually

Binary fission

49
Q

What type of cell is a bacteria

A

Prokaryotic

50
Q

Describe embryonic stem cells

A

Unspecialised/ undifferentiated cells that divide by mitosis, can differentiate into other cell types, once specialised they loose the ability to divide (go into G0)

51
Q

What does pluripotent mean

A

Can form all types of tissue but not whole organisms

52
Q

Define potency

A

Ability to differentiate into different cell types

53
Q

Define Multipotent

A

stem cells that can only form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue

54
Q

Where could u find pluripotent stem cells

A

Early embryos

55
Q

What is cambium

A

A group of cambium cells form meristematic tissue

They can differentiate into xylem and phloem cells

56
Q

Where can u find meristematic tissue

A

apex of Shoot and root tips

57
Q

What dies apex mean

A

Tip

58
Q

Describe embryonic stem cells

A

Cells present at very early stage of embryo development

They are totipotent

A blastocyst is a mass of these cells

Once in a blastocyst they are pluripotent

59
Q

Describe tissue stem cells

A

Found in bone marrow (these can produce erythrocytes and neutrophils)
Are multipotent

60
Q

Where can we find blood stem cells

A

Umbilical cord stem cells

61
Q

Name 4 uses of stem cells

A

Type 1 diabetes- produce insulin
Heart disease- repair muscle tissue
Spinal injuries- repair spinal cells
Treatment of burns-stem cells to grow skin

62
Q

Evaluate using stem cells (ethics)

A

✅improves quality of life for patient
✅embryos left over from fertility treatment are discarded anyway
🚨religious objections-murder
🚨lack of consensus over who has rights to the embryo

63
Q

Give three reasons why the cell could no longer undergo mitosis

A

The cell has already differentiated and become specialised

The cell is in G0

The cells cytoskeleton cannot function

64
Q

How are erythrocytes adapted to carry out there function

A

Biconcave shape gives large SA:Vol ratio
No nucleus- optimum oxygen uptake
Small so can fit through capillaries

65
Q

How are neutrophils adapted to carry out there functions

A

Have a large multi lobed nucleus
Contain lots of lytic enzymes for hydrolysis of pathogens
Many ribosomes/rough ER to make enzymes

66
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to carry out there function

A

Have acrosome which contains digestive enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate the ovum

Flagellum allows movement

Lots of mitochondria (and ATP)

67
Q

Describe the structure of epithelial Cells

A

Cells linked together with a membrane made of protein , they are ciliates to move substances in the trachea

Squamous to give a short diffusion path

Could have microvilli to increase SA

68
Q

How is a palisade mesophyll cell adapted to carry out its function

A

Long and thin, has many moveable chloroplasts to capture the most light

Think cell wall increases rate of diffusion

69
Q

Describe cytokinesis in plant cells

A

The vesicles fuse with each other (form cell plate) and the cell surface membrane dividing the cell into two

New sections of cell wall then form along the new sections of membranes

70
Q

Name a difference in organelles between plant and animal cells

A

Plant cells don’t have centrioles

Animal cells do

71
Q

Give three reasons why the cell could no longer undergo mitosis

A

The cell has already differentiated and become specialised

The cell is in G0

The cells cytoskeleton cannot function

72
Q

Define tissue

E.g.

A

A group of cells that are specialised to work together for a particular function

Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective

73
Q

Define organ

A

A group of different tissues working together for a common function

74
Q

Define the term systems

A

A group of organs working together for a particular function

75
Q

Describe the squamous epithelial tissue

A

One cell later thick
Large SA
Short diffusion pathway

Found in alveoli
Cheek lining
Endothelium of blood vessels

76
Q

Describe the ciliates epithelial tissue

A

Columnar
They have cilia
Found in lining of trachea

77
Q

What is cartilage

A

A connective tissue

78
Q

What type of cells are in cartilage

A

Chondrocyte cells embedded in a an extra cellular matrix

79
Q

What is the purpose of cartilage

A

Stops bones from rubbing and causing damage

80
Q

Describe the structure of xylem tissue

A

Dead hollow cells
Lignified cell Walls (waterproof & strong)
Hollow elongated tubes connected
No end walls

81
Q

Describe the structure of phloem tissue

A

Siege tube elements are joined end to end
Not a vessel
Not continuous

82
Q

What does the phloem tissue transport

A

Sucrose and amino acids

83
Q

Which plant tissue is there no organelles in

A

Xylem tissue

84
Q

What is the function of lignin

A

Gives strength to support xylem vessel and plant stem stops to collapse

Impermeable to water stops loss of water from vessels

85
Q

What is an advantage of indulgence being open ended

A

Allows transport of water and minerals

86
Q

What process is in the phloem vessels

A

Translocation

87
Q

Describe the companion cells

A

Controls the movement of solutes and provides ATP for active transport into the siege tube elements

Phloem vessels

88
Q

What is a system

A

A group of organs working together for a particular function

Digestive system
Cardiovascular system

A Level: Biology (18 decks)

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