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A Level: Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What molecules make up carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

What are 3 properties of monosaccharides

A

Soluble in water
Sweet taste
Form crystals

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3
Q

Name the sugar that has three carbons

A

Triose

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4
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

Beta glucose’s right OH group on carbon 1 is above the plane of the ring

Alpha glucose’s right OH group on carbon 1 is below the plane of the ring

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5
Q

What is an isomer

A

A molecule that has the same chemical atoms but there arrangement is different

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6
Q

Glucose contains many bonds - what does this mean it can store lot of

A

Stores energy in its covalent bonds

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7
Q

Explain the structure of alpha glucose

A

Forms hydrogen bonds with H/OH groups of water so Is SOLUBLE

  • can be easily transported around the organism in the plasma or phloem
  • bonds contain energy
  • molecules broken down to release energy
  • join together via condensation reaction
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8
Q

Name three disaccharides

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

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9
Q

Name three monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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10
Q

How are two disaccharides bonded

A

Covalently bonded together

Contains glycosidic bonds

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11
Q

What three atoms is there in a glycosidic bond

A

Two carbon and one oxygen

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12
Q

What happens during hydrolysis of a disaccharide

A

The OH bond in water breaks- one of the C-O bonds in the glycosidic bond breaks- the h atoms bonds to the o atom and the OH from water bonds to the carbon

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13
Q

What happens when two glucose molecules bond together

A

React to from maltose
Condensation reaction
Produces water
Glycosidic bond forms

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14
Q

What catalysed the hydrolysis of maltose

A

Maltase

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15
Q

Similarities between lactose and maltose

A

Both contain glucose
Contain two 5 C rings
Both have 1-4 glycosidic bond

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16
Q

Differences between lactose and maltose

A

Lactose contains beta glucose
Maltose has alpha glucose

L has beta glycosidic bond
M has alpha glycosidic bond

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17
Q

What is starch made from

A

Two different polysaccharides:
Coiled amylose
Coiled and branched amylopectin

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18
Q

Where is the glycosidic bond in amylose

A

Below the plane of the ring

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19
Q

What type of bond is amylose

A

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

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20
Q

What type of bond does amylopectin have

A

Alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic

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21
Q

What type of bond In glycogen

A

Alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond

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22
Q

How is glycogen different to amylopectin

A

There is more branching points in glycogen than there is in amylopectin

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23
Q

Why does glycogen have branched

A

So it can be rapidly hydrolysed by enzymes

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24
Q

Name three properties of glycogen

A

Insoluble
Compact
Energy dense

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25
Q

Starch v glycogen

Where is it found

A

S- stores as grains- glucose store in PLANTS

G- sorted as granules- ANIMALS

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26
Q

Starch v glycogen

Name of the monomer that forms the polymer

A

S-Alpha glucose

G- alpha glucose

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27
Q

Starch v glycogen

Name of the bond

A

Starch- amylose- alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
-amylopectin- alpha 1-4 1-6 glycosidic bond

Glycogen- alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bond

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28
Q

What is the stored alpha glucose used for

A

Respiration

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29
Q

How do the structures and properties of glycogen and starch relate to their function

A
  • compact can store lots of energy (stored in a small volume)
  • metabolically inactive: don’t take part in metabolic reactions
  • insoluble in water
  • chain molecules- glucose held in chain and is hydrolysed or built up by enzymes
  • amylopectin and glycogen are branched
30
Q

Why is it that animals have a faster metabolic rate

A

Have significantly more branching points

31
Q

What are two structural properties of cellulose

A

High tensile strength and insoluble

32
Q

What is the function of cellulose

A

To give strength to resist osmotic pressure

33
Q

what type of glucose does Celulose have

A

Beta glucose

34
Q

Name of the bond in Celulose

A

Beta 1–4 Glycosidic bond

35
Q

How are the Glycocidic bonds in Celulose formed

A

Alternate beta glucose molecules rotate 180° which makes long straight chains

36
Q

What do you cellulose molecules joined together to form

A

Microfibrils which are cross-linked by hydrogen bonds

37
Q

What type of molecule is a lipid

A

They are macromolecules not polymers

38
Q

What atoms make up lipids

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

Less oxygen to carbon atom more hydrogen per carbon atom (than in carbohydrates)

39
Q

How are triglyceride and phospholipid molecules Similar

A

Contain a glycerol molecule attached to fatty acid chains

40
Q

What is the purpose of triglycerides

A

And energy storage and source can be hydrolysed to generate ATP

Insolation e.g. Blubber in Wales

Protection a vital organs

41
Q

What is the function of a phospholipid

A

To make plasma membrane

42
Q

What is the purpose of sterols

A

Some hormones are made from sterols

43
Q

What are triglycerides compose from

A

One molecule of glycerol linked to 3 fatty acid’s

44
Q

Describe the structure of fatty acid chain

A

A carboxylic acid group at one end and long hydrocarbon chain with between 12 to 20 carbon is in it

45
Q

What are the two types of fatty acid’s

A

Saturated and unsaturated

46
Q

What does unsaturated mean

What effect does this have

A

There is a double bond

Puts a kink in the molecule and the molecules can’t pack as closely together

47
Q

Describe the structure of glycerol

A

OH

48
Q

Explain how the fatty acids join to the glycerol

A

Each hydroxyl group in the glycerol joins with the carboxyl group on the fatty acid

49
Q

What happens when a triglyceride forms

A

Condensation reaction

Three Ester bonds are made

As are three molecules of water

50
Q

How are lipids respired to make ATP

A

Lipids are hydrolysed into fatty acids and glycerol

These are then respired to give ATP

51
Q

What is metabolic water

A

The water that is produce when glycerol and fatty acids respire

52
Q

Explain the structure of phospholipid

A

A glycerol
2 fatty acids
A phosphate group

53
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

Phosphate group is hydrophilic

Fatty acids are hydrophobic

54
Q

What does surfactants

A

When the phosphate head tuck into the water and the fatty acid tails sticking out of the water - they sit on the water surface

55
Q

What is a bilayer

A

Form structures based on a two layered sheet formation

56
Q

Name an example of a steroid alcohol

A

Cholesterol

57
Q

Describe the structure of cholesterol

A

Four carbon based ring structure

58
Q

What is the job of cholesterol

A

Regulates the fluidity and maintains the stability of the membrane

59
Q

Where does cholesterol sit

A

Between the hydrophobic fatty acids tails of the phospholipids

60
Q

What else is made from cholesterol

A

Hormones

61
Q

Can cholesterol pass through the bilayer

A

Yes they diffuse through

62
Q

What does a qualitative test do

A

Tests for the presence or absence of a particular biological molecule

63
Q

Disadvantage of a qualitative test

A

Does not tell you the concentration of a particular biological molecule

64
Q

What is the test for starch

A

Iodine solution

Black/blue

65
Q

Test for reducing sugar

A

Benedicts solution

(Must be shaken and heated)

Red- present
Blue- not

66
Q

Test for non reducing sugar

A

Boil with HCL
Neutralise with sodium carbonate
Repeat benedicts test

Red-present
Blue-not

67
Q

Test for protein

A

Biuret reagent
Shake

Lilac - proteins

68
Q

Test for lipids

A 
Emulsion test
Crush sample
add ethanol
Shake
Pour into water

Lipid is present- cloudy white emulsion

69
Q

What is a colorimeter

A

A device that shines a beam of light through a sample

A photoelectric cell then picks up the light that has passed through

The sample is placed in a cuvette the between the light and the cell

70
Q

The more sugar present…

A

The more copper surface used up
Less light absorbed
More transmitted

71
Q

How can a colorimeter be calibrated

A

Using a red filter

Zero colorimeter using distilled water or Unreacted benedicts

A Level: Biology (18 decks)

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