Proteins Flashcards
Define:
Metabolic
All the biochemical reactions that happen inside the cells of an organism
Define catabolic reactions
Breaking down large molecules (hydrolysis)
Define anabolic reaction
Building large molecules (condensation )
What’s the monomer and polymer for:
Carbohydrates
Monomer- monosaccharides
Polymer- polysaccharides
What’s the monomer and polymer for:
Proteins
Amino acids
Polypeptide
What’s the monomer and polymer for:
Nucleus acids
Nucleotide
Polynucleotide
What is hydrolysis used for
To remove a monomer from a polymer
What is condensation reaction used for
To add a monomer to a polymer chain + WATER IS PRODUCED
Condensation:
- makes a ____________
- a new covalent bond is __________
- a water molecule is ___________
For example
Polymer
Formed
Released/made
Protein synthesis
Hydrolysis:
- makes a ____________
- a new covalent bond is __________
- a water molecule is ___________
For example
Monomer
Broken
Is used
Digestion
H R O
\ | //
\ | //
N—
R = r group H-N-H = amine group C= central carbon atoms O=C-OH= carboxylic acid group
What is a dipeptide reaction
A condensation reaction where a peptide bond is formed
List the 4 types of protein structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Define primary structures
The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein chain
What is secondary structure
The coiling and pleating of parts of the polypeptide chain to form an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet - held together by hydrogen bonds
What is the tertiary structure
When the secondary alpha helix and beta pleated sheet folds further to give a complex and specific 3D shape
Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
How does the tertiary structure denature
Heat gives kinetic energy which causes hydrogen bonds to break and the 3D structure to unravel
What do r groups cause
Folding - due to hydrogen bonds ionic bonds and disulphides bonds
What is a quaternary structure
Proteins with more than one polypeptide chain
2 alpha 2 beta
In a quaternary structure what does each chain have
A haem prosthetic group which contains an Fe2+ ion
Name 3 examples of proteins with a quaternary structure
Collagen
Haemoglobin
Catalase
What are the two groups for 3D proteins
Globular
Fibrous
Describe globular proteins
Roll up to form ball shaped spherical structures
Soluble in water
Have metabolic roles
Eg haemoglobin
Describe fibrous proteins
Form fibres (long linear chains) Repetitive sequence of amino acids Insoluble in water Strength and structural roles Eg keratin
What is haemoglobin also referred to as
A conjugated protein
What type of protein is haemoglobin
A globular protein with a quaternary structure
What does conjugated mean
A protein with a prosthetic group
How many polypeptide chains in haemoglobin
Four- 2 alpha 2 beta
Name the prosthetic group in each chain and the ion
Haem
Fe2+
What type of protein is catalase
Globular
What is catalase
An enzyme that speeds up metabolic reactions
How many prosthetic groups does haem have
Four
What type of protein is insulin
A globular
Transported in blood
What type of shape does insulin have
Tertiary
The A and B chains in insulin form what - which then form what in the presence of what
Dimer
Hexamer
Zn2+
Keratin
Where is it found and what are the properties
Nails/ horn rhino/ hairs/ skin
Strong/ inflexible/ insoluble
Collagen
Where is it found and what are the properties
Walls of arteries/ tendons/ bones/ cartridges
Flexible/ long strong rope like
Elastin
Where is it found and what are the properties
Walls of arteries- elastic fibres
Flexible/ can expand and return to normal size
