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A Level: Biology > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

1
Q

Define classification

A

Placing living organisms into groups based on similarities or differences

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2
Q

Define taxonomy

A

The system of classifying organisms according to their observable feature or genetic characteristics

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3
Q

Why do we classify living things

A
  • to make it easier to identify organisms
  • to predict characteristics of other species in a group
  • to help us see evolutionary relationships between species
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4
Q

In th past, how did we classify organisms

A

Observable features

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5
Q

How do we classify organisms nowadays

A

-dna base sequence
- amino acid base sequence
-embryonic similarities
-behaviour
Evolutionary past

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6
Q

Explain the work of Carl Linnaeus

A

First person to start classifying living organisms, he did this based on visible feature, he put them into ranked categories

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7
Q

What are the seven taxonomic groups

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species
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8
Q

As you go down the taxonomic groups what would you find

A

Increasing similarity between organisms

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9
Q

What are the five kingdoms

A 
Animalia 
Plantae
Fungi
Protoctista
Prokaryotae
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10
Q

What is each kingdom divided into

What is this

A

Phyla

Where organisms share a common body plan

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11
Q

What is each phyla divided into

What is this

A

Classes

Fish/ amphibian/ reptiles/ birds/ mammals

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12
Q

Members of the same species can do what

A

Interbreed to produces fertile offspring

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13
Q

Explain the binomial naming system

A

First name is generic name- genus

Second name is specific name- species

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14
Q

How should you write the binomial name correctly

A

Always in ITALICS
Genus capital FIRST letter
Species lower case FIRST letter

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15
Q

Why should we use the binomial naming system

A
  • some organisms have different common names which can be confusing
  • universal and recognised world wide
  • tells us the genus and species of an organism
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16
Q

Define autotrophic

A

Organisms that use light energy or chemical energy along with inorganic molecules to synthesise complex organic molecules

17
Q

Define heterotrophic

A

Organisms that have to ingest and digest complex organic molecules, releasing the chemical potential energy stored in them

18
Q

Define saprophytic/ saprotrophic

A

Organisms that gain nutrients by absorption. Mainly of decaying material

19
Q

Explain the kingdom Prokaryotae

A 
Means before the nucleus
Include bacteria and Cyanobacteria 
No membrane bound organelles
70s ribosomes
Peptidoglycan cell walls 
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
20
Q

Explain the kingdom of protoctista

A

Eukaryotes
Mostly single celled
Heterotrophic or autotrophic

21
Q

Describe the kingdom of fungi

A 
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Have a network of numerous strands called hyphae 
Cell wall made of chitin 
Heterotrophic and saprophytic
22
Q

Describe the kingdom of plantae

A

Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Cellulose cell walls
Photoautotropic

23
Q

Describe the kingdom animalia

A

Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
No cell walls

24
Q

Name three common examples of biochemical molecules used in classification

A
  • cytochrome ( protein used in the process of respiration )
  • haemoglobin
  • DNA ( and RNA)
25
Q

What did carl Woese propose

Explain

A

The three domain system

Divided the kingdom of Prokaryotae into two groups:
Bacteria
Archaea

26
Q

What was car woese classification system based on the study of

A

Ribosomal rna and the cells membrane lip structure and sensitivity to antibiotics

27
Q

Compare bacteria and archaea

A

Bacteria-
Different flagella structure
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Different RNA polymerase

Archaea and eukaryotae
Have same membrane structure
Similar rna polymerase
Proteins that bind to dna

28
Q

Compare the RNA polymerase of bacteria, eukarya and archaea

A

Bacteria-contain 5 proteins
Eukarya- contain 12 proteins
Archaea- contain between 8 and 10 proteins

29
Q

What is archaea known as and where does it live

A

Known as ancient bacteria

Live in extreme environments

30
Q

What is bacteria/ eubacteria known as

A

True bacteria

31
Q

What does the three domain system group together

A

Eukaryotes

32
Q

What are the six kingdoms

A 
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria 
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
33
Q

Define phylogeny

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms and the closeness of these relationships

34
Q

What do phylogenic trees show us

A

How the species have evolved from a common ancestor and represents the evolutionary relationships between organisms

A Level: Biology (18 decks)

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