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A Level Biology > Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Factors that influence the need for a transport system

A
  • size
  • surface area to volume ratio
  • level of metabolic activity
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2
Q

How does size effect transport in animals

A
  • larger diffusion pathway
  • lower diffusion rate
  • less supplies reach the inner cells in the body
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3
Q

How does the level of metabolic activity effect an animals need for a transport system

A

How active the animal is
- more active
- need better supply of nutrients and oxygen
- keep themselves warm: mammals

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4
Q

What are features of a good transport system

A
  • fluid to carry nutrients, oxygen and waste around the body: blood
  • a pump to create pressure to push the fluid: heart
  • exchange surfaces: capillaries
  • tubes or vessels to carry the blood by mass flow
  • two circuits: one to pick up and one to drop of blood
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5
Q

What is a single circulatory system

A

The blood flows through the heart once for each circuit of the body

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6
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A
  • system has two separate circuits
  • flows through the heart twice in each circuit of the body
  • pulmonary circuit: blood to the lungs
  • systematic circuit: blood flows to the rest of the body
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7
Q

Advantages of a double circulatory system

A
  • faster blood flow
  • higher blood pressure
  • heart can increase the bloods pressure
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8
Q

What are open circulatory systems

A

Where the blood is not held in blood vessels
- circulates around cavities
- cells and tissues bathed directly in blood

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9
Q

How is blood moved in open circulatory systems

A

Movement of the body
- contraction of muscles

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10
Q

What is an ostia

A

Gaps where blood enters the heart in insects

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11
Q

Disadvantages of open circulatory systems

A
  • blood pressure is low
  • blood flow is slow
  • circulation of blood may be affected by body movement/lack of
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12
Q

What are closed circulatory systems

A

Blood is transported around the body in blood vessels

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13
Q

Advantages of closed circulatory systems

A
  • higher pressure, faster blood flow
  • faster delivery of oxygen and nutrients
  • faster removal of carbon dioxide and wastes
  • not reliant on body movement
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14
Q

What do arterioles do

A

Transport blood from arteries to capillaries

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15
Q

What do venules do

A

Transport blood from capillaries to veins

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16
Q

Where do arteries carry blood from

A

Away from the heart

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17
Q

Why do arteries have thick walls

A

Withstand the pressure within the vessel

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18
Q

Why do arteries have thin lumen

A

Maintain the high pressure

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19
Q

What is the inner layer of arteries made from

A

Elastic tissue
- thin layer
- allows walls to stretch and recoil
- help maintain blood pressure

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20
Q

What is the middle layer of arteries made from

A

Smoot muscle
- thick layer

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21
Q

What is the outer layer of the arteries made from

A

Collagen and elastic tissue
- thick
- provides strength
- maintain pressure

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22
Q

What happens in the arterioles and venules

A
  • vaso-constriction
  • vaso-dilation
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23
Q

Why is the lumen of a capillary very small

A
  • size of a red blood cell
  • allows for quicker transmission of materials
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24
Q

What type of cells makes the capillaries

A

Epithelial cells

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25
Q

What are the walls of the capillaries like

A

Leaky
- allow blood plasma and dissolved substances to leave blood

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26
Q

Where do veins carry blood

A

Back to the heart

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27
Q

Why is the lumen of veins large

A

Allow for easy blood flow

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28
Q

What are the layers of the veins

A

All thin
- collagen
- smooth muscle
- elastic tissue

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29
Q

What is the purpose of valves

A

Prevent the bank flow of blood

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30
Q

What substances are found in blood

A
  • plasma
  • white blood cells
  • red blood cells
  • platelets
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31
Q

What is in plasma

A

Dissolved substances
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- minerals
- glucose
- amino acids
- hormones
- plasma proteins

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32
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

Anything small enough to pass through the capillary walls, forming a fluid bathing cells in the body
- blood plasma minus large proteins

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33
Q

What does tissue fluid do

A

Provide cells with oxygen and nutrients they need

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34
Q

How does tissue fluid form

A
  • atrial side: blood has high hydrostatic pressure
  • causes plasma to be pushed out of capillary wall
  • fluid leaves the blood
  • tissue fluid surrounds the body cells allow for exchange
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35
Q

How does tissue fluid return to the blood

A
  • most enters back into the capillaries (90%)
  • rest enters the lymphatic system
  • now called lymph
  • lymph drained into blood stream via two ducts that join at the vena cava
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36
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

The remaining pressure from the heart

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37
Q

What is oncotic pressure

A

Pressure made by substances
- proteins
- effects water absorption

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38
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

Swelling found at intervals along the lymphatic system
- important part of immune system

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39
Q

What happens to tissue fluid when a tissue in infected

A
  • capillaries become more leaky
  • allow for more lymph to reach the lymph node
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40
Q

What are coronary arteries

A

Supply the heart with oxygen

41
Q

How does deoxygenated blood enter the heart

A

Vena cava

42
Q

What side of the heart has deoxygenated blood

A

Right

43
Q

What side of the heart has oxygenated blood

A

Left

44
Q

How does oxygenated blood enter the heart from the lungs

A

Pulmonary vein

45
Q

What is the role of tendinous cords in the heart

A

Prevent the valves from turning inside out

46
Q

What separates the two ventricles

A

Septum

47
Q

How does deoxygenated blood leave the heart

A

Through the pulmonary artery

48
Q

How does oxygenated blood leave the heart

A

Through the aorta

49
Q

What is blood pressure like in the atria

A

Low pressure

50
Q

What side of the heart has thicker ventricular walls

A

Left ventricle

51
Q

Why is the left side of the heart thicker

A

Has to pump blood around the systemic circulatory system
- rest of body

52
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle

A
  • fibers
  • cross over each other
  • lots of mitochondria
  • intercalated discs
  • sarcomeres
53
Q

What are intercalated discs

A

Help facilitate in synchronizing contractions

54
Q

What is the purpose of the heart

A

To create pressure to push blood around the blood vessels

55
Q

What is atrial systole

A

The atrium contract, pushing blood into the ventricles

56
Q

What is ventricular systole

A

The ventricles contract, pushing blood out of the heart

57
Q

What is diastole

A

When the heart relaxes to allow blood to flow into atrium
- repolarisation

58
Q

What are the functions of lymph

A
  • drains excess tissue fluid
  • absorbs digestive fats, in the ileum, via lacteals
  • immune function: white blood cells develop in the lymph nodes
59
Q

What is the structure of lymphatic vessels

A
  • one way valves
  • one layer of slightly overlapping calls
  • fluid enters through gaps
  • drained by muscle contraction
60
Q

Similarities between lymph vessels and veins

A
  • contain one way valves
  • moved via muscle contraction
61
Q

Differences between lymph vessels and veins

A
  • no pump
  • thinner, more permeable walls
62
Q

What causes the AV valve to open

A
  • after systole the ventricle relax and recoil
  • pressure in ventricles < pressure in atrium
  • blood in atrium pushes AV valves open
63
Q

What causes the AV valves to close

A
  • blood flows into the ventricles causing the pressure to slowly increase
  • atrium start to relax
  • valves close due to swirling action in the blood around the valves
  • blood moves upwards filling valve pockets
64
Q

What causes the first “lub” sound in the heart beat

A
  • semilunar valves open
  • AV valves close
65
Q

What causes the second “dub” sound in the heart beat

A
  • semilunar valves close
  • AV valves open
66
Q

What structure of arteries allow for a more even flow of blood

A
  • artery walls close to the heart have a lot of elastic tissue
  • when blood leaves heart, these walls stretch
  • as blood leaves aorta pressure starts to drop
  • elastic recoil helps maintain pressure
67
Q

What is bradycardia

A

A slow heart beat

68
Q

What is tachycardia

A

A fast heart beat

69
Q

What is an ectopic heartbeat

A

An extra beat or early beat in the ventricles

70
Q

What does it mean that the heart is myogenic

A

It is able to create its own contractions

71
Q

What are fibrillations

A

The uncoordinated contractions of the atria and ventricle

72
Q

What does the SAN do

A

Sino-atrial node
- generate electrical current

73
Q

What causes the atria to contract

A
  • wave of excitation from SAN spreads across both atrium
  • travels along the membranes of muscle tissue
  • as wave passes, causes cardiac muscle cells to contract
  • atrial systole
74
Q

What does the AVN do

A

Atrio-ventricular node
- conducts the wave of excitation down the ventricles

75
Q

Why is there a delay at the AVN

A

Allow for all the blood to leave the atrium

76
Q

How are the ventricles contracted

A
  • wave of excitation passes down the bundle of His
  • goes down the septum
  • travels through the Purkyne fibers
  • passes from the apex of the heart up
  • causes the ventricles to contract
77
Q

What does the P wave show

A

Atrial systole

78
Q

What does the QRS complex show

A

Ventricular systole

79
Q

What does the T wave show

A

Diastole
- repolarisation

80
Q

What is atrial fibrillation

A

No clear P wave

81
Q

What is the quaternary structure of haemoglobin

A

4 subunits
- one polypeptide chain
- haem prosthetic group

82
Q

What does the haem prosthetic group do

A

Contains a single iron ion
- attract and hold an oxygen molecule

83
Q

What curve shown oxygens affinity to harmoglobin

A

Sigmoidal curve
- dissociation curve

84
Q

What is partial pressure of oxygen

A

The pressure it contributes to a mixture of gases

85
Q

What happens to the haem group when oxygen binds

A
  • changes shape of others
  • makes it easier for oxygen to bind
86
Q

What way does the curve move if there is a higher affinity to oxygen

A

Moves to the left

87
Q

What is affinity to oxygen

A

How easily oxygen binds with the haem group

88
Q

What ways can carbon dioxide leave tissues into the blood

A
  • dissolved into plasma
  • bind with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin
  • transported in the form of hydro carbonate ions (HCO3-)
89
Q

What is formed when carbon dioxide binds with water

A

Carbonic acid

90
Q

Chemical equation for the formation of carbonic acid

A

CO2 + H2O —> H2CO2

91
Q

What forms when carbonic acid dissociates

A
  • hydrogen ions
  • hydrogencarbonate ions
92
Q

Equation for the dissociation of carbonic acid

A

H2CO2 —> HCO3- + H+

93
Q

What is the chloride shift

A

Movement of chloride ions from the plasma into the red blood cells
- result of hydrocarbonate ions leaving red blood cells

94
Q

How are hydrogen ions removes from red blood cells

A

Associate with haemoglobin to produce haemoglobinic acid

95
Q

What does haemoglobinic acid do

A

Act as a buffer to maintain pH

96
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

Describes the effect that an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide has on the haemoblobin

97
Q

How does carbon dioxide effect pH levels

A

Decreases pH levels

98
Q

which direction does a higher pH move the graph

A

Left

99
Q

What way does the graph move if there is more carbon dioxide

A

Right

A Level Biology (13 decks)

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