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A Level Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of biodiversity

A

A measure of the variation found in the living world
- structural and functional variety

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2
Q

What is the definition of habitat

A

Where an organism lives

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3
Q

Example of habitats

A
  • sand dunes
  • woodland
  • meadows
  • streams
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4
Q

What is species richness

A

A measure of how many different species are present

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5
Q

What is species evenness

A

A measure of how evenly represented the species are

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6
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

The variation in alleles between individuals belonging to the same species

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7
Q

What can genetic variation cause

A

Different breeds of animals

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8
Q

What are the different type of non-random sampling methods

A
  • opportunistic
  • stratified
  • systematic
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9
Q

What are examples of systematic sampling

A
  • line transect
  • belt transect
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10
Q

What are things you need to do to prepare to sample a habitat

A
  • suitable clothing
  • suitable footwear
  • apparatus needed to carry out the sampling
  • clipboard, pen and paper to record observations
  • appropriate key to identify plants
  • camera to record specimens and grid locations
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11
Q

What side of the quadrat should you count organisms

A

Bottom and left

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12
Q

What does a high species evenness show

A

The habitat is more diverse

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13
Q

What is the capture-mark-recapture technique

A
  • catch animals and count them
  • mark them and release
  • rest trap
  • count number with or without mark
  • use Lincoln-Petersen index
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14
Q

What is the Lincoln-Petersen index

A

Population = (number caught 1st x number caught 2nd) / number of marked animals caught

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15
Q

What is the formula for species diversity index

A

D = 1 - [sum of (n/N)^2]

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16
Q

What does n stand for in the species diversity index

A

Population of any one species

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17
Q

What does N stand for in the species diversity index

A

Number of all species

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18
Q

What does a high value in the species diversity index mean
‘Simpson’ s diversity index’

A

A diverse habitat

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19
Q

What is a locus

A

The position of that gene on a chromosome

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20
Q

How to calculate genetic diversity

A

(Number of polymorphic loci / total number of loci ) x 100

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21
Q

Ways to catch invertebrates

A
  • sweep netting
  • sheet under a branch and shake it
  • pitfall trap
  • tullgren funnel
  • light trap
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22
Q

What is a pitfall trap

A

Small container buried in the soil with the rim just bellow the surface

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23
Q

What is a tullgren funnel

A
  • place leaf litter in a funnel
  • light at the top of the funnel: drives the animals downwards
  • animals fall through the mesh into a container
24
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

Variation in alleles within a species

25
Q

What is species diversity

A

Variation of species within a habitat

26
Q

What is habitat diversity

A

Variation of habitats within an ecosystem

27
Q

What are the different types of biodiversity

A
  • genetic
  • species
  • habitat
28
Q

What is random sampling

A

Investigating the difference between two environmentally distinct areas

29
Q

What is systematic sampling

A

Investigating changes in population along an environmental gradient

30
Q

Examples of non-random sampling

A
  • opportunistic
  • systematic
  • stratified
31
Q

What are the different ways to measure abundance

A
  • species diversity
  • % cover
  • frequency
  • ACFOr
32
Q

What does ACFOR stand for

A
  • abundant
  • common
  • frequent
  • occasional
  • rate qualitative
33
Q

What is the ACFOR scale

A

Subjective scale to measure abundance

34
Q

What are the different types of distribution

A
  • clumped
  • uniform
  • random
35
Q

What is the gene pool

A

All the copies of all the genes in that population

36
Q

What is genetic drift

A

The change in allele frequency due to chance

37
Q

What are the different types of genetic erosion

A
  • founder effect
  • genetic bottleneck
  • artificial selection (selective breeding)
38
Q

What is the equation for allele frequency

A

Number of dominant alleles / total number of alleles
A/A+B

39
Q

What is the founder effect

A

A few individuals from a population colonise a new region and set up a new population

40
Q

What is genetic bottlenecking

A

Population may suffer severe drop in numbers
- volcanic activity

41
Q

How do you calculate the proportion of polymorphic gene loci

A

Number of polymorphic loci / total number of loci

42
Q

What are the reasons to maintain biodiversity

A
  • ethical reasons
  • areas of recreation
  • in situ conservation
  • ex situ conservation
  • ecosystem services
  • sustainability
43
Q

What is ex-situ conservation

A

Removal of species to a protected place that is not its normal habitat

44
Q

Examples of ex-situ conservation

A
  • seed bank
  • zoo
  • botanic garden
  • gene banks
45
Q

Advantages of ex-situ conservation

A
  • helps maintain biodiversity
  • some organisms can be reintroduced to the wild
  • can complete scientific research
46
Q

Disadvantages of ex-situ conservation

A
  • organisms have to adapt to artificial environments
  • less than 85% of seeds germinate successfully
47
Q

What is in-situ conservation

A

PREFERRED OPTION
Preserving something in its natural habitat
- in their original place

48
Q

Examples of in-situ conservation

A
  • UNESCO
  • nationally protected areas
  • national nature reserves
  • marine conservation zones
  • special scientific sites of interest (SSSI)
49
Q

Advantages of in-situ conservation

A
  • organisms are able to continue to evolve
  • more likely to breed
50
Q

Disadvantages of in-situ conservation

A
  • more risky for long term survival
51
Q

Description of a protoctista

A
  • eukaryotic
  • single called
  • wide variety of forms
  • free living
  • auto tropic and heterotropic nutrition
52
Q

Description of fungi

A
  • eukaryotic
  • walls made of chitin
  • free living or saprophytic
53
Q

Description of plantae

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • cells surrounded in cellulose cell wall
  • autotrophic
  • contain chlorophyll
54
Q

Description of animalia

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • heterotropic
  • able to move
55
Q

What does autotrophic mean

A

Absorb simple molecules and build them into larger organic moelcules

56
Q

What does heterotrophic mean

A

Digest large organic molecules to form smaller molecules for absorption

A Level Biology (13 decks)

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