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A Level Biology > Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease

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2
Q

What is a host

A

The organism that a pathogen lives increases

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3
Q

What are the different types of pathogens

A
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • viruses
  • protists
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4
Q

What kingdom does bacteria belong to

A

Prokaryotae

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5
Q

What is a mycelium

A

Root like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branched hyphae

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6
Q

What are hyphae

A

Each of the branches that make up the mycelium of fungus

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7
Q

What do specialised reproductive hyphae do

A
  • grow to the surface of the skin
  • release spores
  • causes redness and irritation
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8
Q

Where does fungus live in plants

A

Vascular tissue
- able to gain nutrients

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9
Q

What do the hyphae release in plants

A

Extracellular enzymes
- digest the surrounding tissue
- causing decay

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10
Q

How do viruses work

A
  • invade cells
  • take over genetic machinery and other organelles in the cell
  • cause the cell to manufacture copies of the virus
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11
Q

What happens to the cell that a virus invades

A

Eventually bursts
- releases more new viruses that will infect other healthy cells

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12
Q

What do protists do

A

Enter the host cells
- feed on the contents as they grow

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13
Q

Characteristics of tuberculosis

A

A disease that infects many parts of the body
- kills the cells and tissues
- most often effect the lungs

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14
Q

Characteristics of bacterial meningitis

A

Infection of the meninges - membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
- membranes swell up
- cause damage to the brain and nerves

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15
Q

Characteristics of ring rot (plants)

A

Ring of decay in the vascular tissue
- potato tubur or tomato
- leaf wilting

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16
Q

Characteristics of HIV/AIDS

A

Attacks cells in the immune system
- compromises the immune response

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17
Q

Characteristics of influenza/flu

A

Attacks respiratory stems
- causes muscle pains and headaches

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18
Q

Characteristics of tobacco mosaic virus

A

Causes mottling and discolouration of leaves

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19
Q

Characteristics of black Sigatoka (bananas)

A

Causes leaf spots of banana plants reducing yield

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20
Q

Characteristics of blight (tomatoes and potatoes)

A

Affects both leaves and potato tubers

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21
Q

Characteristics of ringworm (cattle)

A

Growth of fungus in skin with spore cases erupting through skin to causes a rash

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22
Q

Characteristics of athlete’s foot (humans)

A

Growth under skin of feet
- particularly between the toes

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23
Q

Characteristics of malaria

A

Parasite in the blood that causes headache and fever
- may progress to coma and death

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24
Q

What organism causes tuberculosis

A

Bacteria

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25
Q

What organism causes bacterial meningitis

A

Bacterai

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26
Q

What organism causes ring rot (plants)

A

Bacterium

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27
Q

What organism causes HIV/AIDS

A

Virus

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28
Q

What organism causes influenza/flu

A

Virus

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29
Q

What organism causes tobacco mosaic virus

A

Virus

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30
Q

What organism causes black Sigatoka (banana)

A

Fungus

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31
Q

What organism causes blight (tomatoes and potatoes)

A

Protists

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32
Q

What organism causes ringworm (cattle)

A

Fungus

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33
Q

What organism causes athlete’s foot (humans)

A

Fungus

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34
Q

What organism causes malaria

A

Protists

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35
Q

What is the lifecycle of pathogens

A
  • travel from one host to another (transmission)
  • entering the host’s tissues
  • reproducing
  • leaving the host’s tissues
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36
Q

What are the different types of transmission between animals

A
  • direct
  • indirect
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37
Q

Examples of direct transmission

A
  • direct physical contact
  • faecal-oral transmission
  • droplet infection
  • transmission by spores
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38
Q

What factors effect direct physical contact transmission

A
  • hygiene
  • keeping surfaces clean
  • cleaning/disinfecting cuts
  • sterilising surgical instruments
  • condoms
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39
Q

What factors effect faecal-oral transmission

A
  • human sewage to fertilise crops
  • treatment of waste water
  • thorough washing of fresh fruit
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40
Q

What factors effect droplet infection transmission

A
  • cover mouth when coughing or sneezing
  • catch it, bin it, kill it
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41
Q

What factors effect transmission of spores

A
  • mask
  • washing skin after contact with soil
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42
Q

Factors that affect transmission

A
  • overcrowding
  • poor ventilation
  • poor health
  • poor diet
  • homelessness
  • living or working with people who have migrated from areas where a disease is more common
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43
Q

How are pathogens transmitted indirectly

A

Vectors

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44
Q

What is a vector

A

Another organism that may be used by the pathogen to gain entry to the primary host

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45
Q

What conditions improve pathogen reproduction

A

Warm and moist conditions

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46
Q

What is callose

A

A large polysaccharide deposit that blocks old phloem sieve tubes

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47
Q

Examples of passive defenses in plants

A
  • physical defenses
  • chemical defenses
48
Q

What are passive defenses in plants

A

Defenses present before infection
- prevent entry and spread of pathogens

49
Q

Examples of physical defenses in plants

A
  • cellulose cell wall
  • lignin thickening of cell wall
  • waxy cuticle
  • bark
  • stomata closure
  • callose
  • tylose formation
50
Q

What is a tylose

A

Ballon like swelling or projection that fills the xylem vessel

51
Q

Examples of chemical defenses in plants

A
  • terpenoids
  • phenols
  • alkaloids
  • hydrolytic enzymes
52
Q

What is active defense in plants

A

After the pathogen has attacked
- plants response

53
Q

Examples of active defenses in plants

A
  • thickened cell walls
  • deposit of callose
  • oxidative bursts
  • increased production of chemicals
  • necrosis
54
Q

What are oxidative bursts

A

Able to produce highly reactive oxygen molecules capable of damaging the calls of invading organisms

55
Q

What does terpenoids do

A

Essential oils that have antibacterial and antifungal properties

56
Q

What do phenols do

A
  • antibiotic/anti fungal properties
  • inhibit attack by insects by deactivating their digestive enzymes
57
Q

What does alkaloids do

A

Nitrogen containing compounds that give a bitter taste to the plant
- caffeine
- nicotine
- cocaine
- morphine

58
Q

What are defensive proteins (defensins)

A

Small cysteine-rich proteins
- broad anti-microbial activity

59
Q

What are hydrolytic enzymes

A

Found in the spaces between cells
- include chitinases, glucanases, lysozymes

60
Q

What is necrosis

A

Deliberate cell suicide

61
Q

Examples of primary defenses against disease in animals

A
  • skin
  • blood clotting/skin repair
  • mucous membranes
62
Q

What are primary defenses

A
  • mechanisms that prevent the entry of pathogenic organisms
  • non specific
63
Q

What are keratinocyte cells

A

Cells produced by mitosis at the base of the epidermis
- move up to surface of skin
- cytoplasm is replaced by keratin

64
Q

What is the main type of cell in the skin

A

Keratinocyte cells

65
Q

What is keratinisation

A

The process of keratin entering the keratinocyte cells

66
Q

How long does keratinisation take

A

30 days

67
Q

What activates an enzyme cascade in blood clotting

A

Clotting factors

68
Q

What does a scab do to fibrinogen

A

Turn it into fibrin

69
Q

Why do scabs turn fibrinogen into fibrin

A

Soluble fibrinogen from plasma into insoluble fibrin

70
Q

What is the mucus membrane made out of

A

Mixture of epithelium cells and mucus secreting cells (goblet cells)

71
Q

What are macrophages

A

Larger cells made in the bone marrow

72
Q

What are monocytes

A

Macrophages traveling through the blood

73
Q

Where are monocytes found

A

Lymph nodes

74
Q

What is the role of macrophages

A

Initiate the specifics responses to invading pathogens
- engulf pathogens

75
Q

What is an antigen-presenting cell

A

When the antigen from the surface of a pathogen is saved and moved to a special protein complex on the surface of the cell

76
Q

What are secondary defences

A

Used to combat pathogens that have entered the body

77
Q

What are antigens

A

Chemical markers on its outer membrane

78
Q

What are opsonins

A

Proteins molecules that attach to the antigens on the surface of a pathogen
- type of antibody

79
Q

What is the role of opsonins

A

To enhance the ability of phagocytise cells to bind and engulf pathogens

80
Q

What are phagocytes

A

Specialised cells in the blood and tissue fluid that engulf and digest pathogens

81
Q

Where are neutrophils made

A

Bone marrow

82
Q

Lifespan of neutrophils

A

Short lived

83
Q

What do neutrophils contain a lot of

A

Lysosomes

84
Q

What is the role of antigen presenting cells

A

Move around the body until it comes into contact with specific cells that can activate the full immune response

85
Q

What are the cells antigen presenting cells are looking for

A
  • t lymphocytes
  • b lymphocytes
86
Q

What is the role of antigen presenting cells

A

Increase the chance of antigens coming into contact with t/b lymphocytes

87
Q

What is clonal selection

A

Activation of specific B and T cells

88
Q

What are cytokines

A

Hormone-like chemicals that stimulate and coordinate the specific immune response
- stimulate differentiation and activity of macrophages, B cells and T cells

89
Q

What does the immune response produce

A

Antibodies

90
Q

What do antibodies do

A

Neutralise foreign antigens

91
Q

How is immunological memory maintained

A

Production of memory cells

92
Q

What cells are produced in the immune response

A
  • T helper cells
  • T killer cells
  • T memory cells
  • T regulatory cells
  • Plasma cells
  • B memory cells
93
Q

What are T helper cells

A

Release cytokines that stimulate B cells to develop and stimulate phagocytosis by the phagocytes

94
Q

What are T killer cells

A

Attack and kill host-body cells that display the foreign antigens

95
Q

What are T memory cells

A

Provide long-term immunity

96
Q

What are T regulator cells

A

Shut down the immune response after the pathogen has been successfully removed
- also involved in preventing autoimmunity

97
Q

What are plasma cells

A

Circulate in the blood, manufacturing and releasing the antibodies

98
Q

What are B memory cells

A

Remain the the body for a number of years and act as the immunological memory

99
Q

How is cell communication achieved

A

Release of hormone-like chemicals called cytokines

100
Q

Examples of communications using cytokines

A
  • macrophages release monokines
  • T cells and macrophages release interleukins
  • many cells can release interferon
101
Q

What are interleukins

A

Stimulate clonan expansion and differentiation of B and T cells

102
Q

When does an autoimmune disease occur

A

When the immune system attacks a part of the body
- antibodies start to attack our own antigens

103
Q

What is clonal expansion

A

Once the correct lymphocytes have been activated they must increase in numbers to become effective
- achieved my mitotic cell division

104
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis

A
  • phagocyte recognises non-self antigen and binds to the pathogen
  • pathogen engulfed through extension of pseudooedia (flexibility in lipid bilayer)
  • enclosed in phagosome
  • vacuole fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome
  • lysosome contains hydrolytic enzymes
  • pathogen is digested/hydrolised
105
Q

What are the different types of antibiotics

A
  • bactericidal
  • bacteriostatic
106
Q

What do bactericidal antibiotics do

A

Kill the bacteria
- gram positive

107
Q

What do bacteriostatic antibiotics do

A

Prevent the bacteria from reproducing
- gram negative

108
Q

What are non-specific immune responses able to do

A

Destroy multiple different types of pathogen

109
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes mature

A

Thymus

110
Q

What is active immunity

A

When the body produces the antibodies

111
Q

What are passive immunity

A

Antigens are made artificially

112
Q

What are the functions of the antibodies

A
  • act as antitoxins
  • cause aggulation of the pathogen (cause them to clump together)
  • serve as markers (opsonisation ) = stimulate the phagocytes to engulf when attached to pathogen
113
Q

What type of molecule is an antibody

A

Protein

114
Q

Steps to producing monoclonal antibodies

A
  • antigen is injected into a mouse
  • produce plasma cells
  • plasma cells are mixed with tumour cells
  • produce hybridoma cells
115
Q

Examples of primary non-specific defences

A
  • skin
  • blood clotting
  • wound repair
  • inflammation
  • mucous membranes

A Level Biology (13 decks)

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