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A Level Biology > Exchange Surfaces & Breathing > Flashcards

Exchange Surfaces & Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Why do small organisms not need specialised exchange systems

A
  • small enough
  • take place over the surface of the body
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2
Q

What factors effect the need for an exchange system

A
  • size
  • surface area to volume ratio
  • level of activity
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3
Q

What does metabolic activity use energy from

A
  • food
  • requires oxygen to release the energy
  • aerobic respiration
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4
Q

What do the cells of an active organism need

A

Good supply of
- nutrients
- oxygen

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5
Q

What features make a good exchange surface

A
  • large surface area
  • thin barrier: short diffusion distance
  • good blood supply: concentration gradient
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6
Q

How can a large surface area be achieved

A
  • folding the walls and membranes
  • root hair cell
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7
Q

What is ventilation

A

The refreshing of air in the lungs

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8
Q

What is the pathway of air into the lungs

A
  • mouth
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
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9
Q

What are intercostal muscles

A
  • muscles between the ribs
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10
Q

How large are alveoli in diameter

A

100-300 micrometers

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11
Q

What is the total surface area of the exchange surface in humans (alveoli)

A

70 m2

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12
Q

How has the body adapted to reduce the distance that gases have to diffuse

A
  • alveolus wall is one cell thick
  • capillary wall is one cell thick
  • both walls are made of squamous cells
  • capillaries are in close contact with alveolus walls
  • red blood cells are squeezed against capillaries walls
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13
Q

What is the total distance for diffusion in the alveoli

A

Two flattened cells
- less than 1 micrometer

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14
Q

How is concentration gradient maintained in humans (lungs)

A
  • good blood supply
  • ventilation
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15
Q

What type of cells are alveoli made from

A
  • squamous epithelium
  • elastic fibres
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16
Q

What type of cell lines the airways

A

Ciliated epithelium

17
Q

What type of cell releases mucus

A

Goblet cells

18
Q

What do the C shaped rings of cartilage do around the trachea

A
  • prevent from collapsing
  • allows for flexibility
  • allows food to pass down the oesophagus
19
Q

What type of cells are the bronchiole walls made from

A
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibre
20
Q

How is the fact that smooth muscle can contract a benefit in the alveoli

A

Can control the flow of air
- harmful substances in the air
- cannot be controlled: allergic reactions

21
Q

What is tidal volume

A

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath, usually measured at rest

22
Q

What is vital capacity

A

The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath

23
Q

What is a spirometer

A

A device that can measure the movement of air into and out of the lungs

24
Q

What precautions have to be made when using a spirometer

A
  • subject has to be fit and healthy
  • the soda lime has to be fresh and functioning
  • no air leaks in the apparatus
  • mouthpiece should be sterilised
  • water chamber cannot be overfilled
25
Q

What factors effect someone’s vital capacity

A
  • size of the person
  • age
  • gender
  • level of regular exercise
26
Q

What is residual volume

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs even after forced expiration

27
Q

How to measure oxygen uptake from a spirometer trace

A

Gradient from one point to another

28
Q

What does an increased oxygen uptake result from

A
  • increased breathing rate
  • deeper breaths
29
Q

What covers the gills of a fish

A

Operculum

30
Q

What are the filaments in gills

A

Slender branched of tissue that make up the gills

31
Q

What are the lamellae of gills

A

Files of the filament to increase surface area
- gill plates

32
Q

What is the flow of blood along the gills like

A

Countercurrent flow

33
Q

What is countercurrent flow

A

The blood and water flow in opposite directions

34
Q

How does countercurrent flow allow for more oxygen to be absorbed

A

Water always has a higher concentration of oxygen than blood

35
Q

What is the tracheal system

A

A system of air filled tubes in insects

36
Q

What is the pathway of air through the tracheal system

A
  • enter through pores (spiracle)
  • pass through tubes (trachea)
  • divide into smaller tubes (tracheoles)
  • end of tracheoles filled with tracheal fluid
37
Q

How can the amount of tracheal fluid be reduced

A

Insect stays active
- lactic acid
- allows for more oxygen to be absorbed

38
Q

How can insects use ventilation

A
  • tracheal system can expand and have flexible walls
  • thorax volume can change
  • change volume of abdomen

A Level Biology (13 decks)

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