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A Level Biology > Classification And Evolution > Flashcards

Classification And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we classify animals

A
  • to make it more convenient
  • to make the study of living things more manageable
  • to make it easier to identify organisms
  • to help us see relationships between species
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2
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic levels

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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3
Q

What are the different domains

A
  • archaea
  • eubacteria
  • eukaryotae
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4
Q

What are the different kingdoms

A
  • plantae
  • animalia
  • fungi
  • protoctista
  • prokaryotae
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5
Q

What is the binomial naming system

A

A system that uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms
- same in all languages

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6
Q

Why do scientists use the binomial naming systems

A
  • ensures all species are named the same globally
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7
Q

Biological definition of a species

A

Two organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring

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8
Q

Phylogenies definition of a species

A

Group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics

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9
Q

What features are used in classification

A
  • observable features
  • detailed evidence
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10
Q

What further groups did Aristotle classify animals and plants into

A
  • live or more in water
  • live or more on land
  • move through the air
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11
Q

Description of prokaryotae

A
  • no nucleus
  • loop of DNA that is not arranged in linear chromosomes
  • naked DNA
  • no membrane bound organelles
    Smaller ribosomes than in other groups
  • free-living or parasitic
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12
Q

Description of protoctista

A
  • eukaryotic
  • most single-celled
  • show a wide variety of forms
  • show various plant or animal-like features
  • mostly free-living
  • autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition
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13
Q

Description of fungi

A
  • eukaryotic
  • either single-celled or have mycelium
  • walls made of chitin
  • cytoplasm that is multi nuclear
  • mostly free-living and saprophytic
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14
Q

Definition of plantae

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • cells surrounded by cellulose cell walls
  • autotrophic (build simple molecules into larger organic molecules)
  • contain chlorophyll
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15
Q

Description of animalia

A
  • aukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic (break large molecules into smaller ones)
  • usually able to move
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16
Q

What is autotrophic

A

Absorb smaller molecules and turn them into larger organic molecules

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17
Q

Wha is heterotrophic

A

Break larger organic molecules into smaller molecules

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18
Q

What is cytochrome c

A

A protein used in respiration
- all organisms that respire contain it

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19
Q

When comparing two amino acid sequences from different species what can we conclude

A
  • if same, two species are closely related
  • if different, two species are not as closely related
  • more differences = less closely related
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20
Q

Structural differences between bacteria and the other domains

A
  • different cell membrane structure
  • flagella have different internal structure
  • different enzyme for synthesising RNA
  • no proteins bound to their genetic material
  • different mechanisms for DNA replication for RNA synthesis
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21
Q

Features archaea share with eukaryotes

A
  • similar enzyme for RNA synthesis
  • similar mechanisms for DNA replication and RNA synthesis
  • production of some proteins that bind to their DNA
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22
Q

What is classification

A

The process of sorting organisms into groups

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23
Q

What are artificial classifications

A
  • based on only a few characteristics
  • does not reflect any evolutionary relationships
  • provides limited information
  • is stable
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24
Q

What does natural classification do

A
  • uses many characteristics
  • reflects evolutionary relationships
  • provides a lot of useful information
  • may change with advancing knowledge
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25
Q

What is phylogeny

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships between species
- studying how closely relation different species are

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26
Q

What is natural selection

A

The term used to explain how features of th environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals in a population
- those who are better suited to the environment are more likely to survive

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27
Q

What were the main observations Darwin made

A
  • offspring generally appear similar to their parents
  • no two individuals are identical
  • organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring
  • populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size
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28
Q

What can we conclude from Darwin’s discoveries

A
  • there is a struggle to survive
  • better-adapted individuals survive and pass on their characteristics
  • over time, a number of changes may give rise to a new species
29
Q

What did the fossils discovered by Darwin show us

A
  • in the past, the world was inhibited by species that were different from those present today
  • old species have died out and new ones have arisen
  • the new species that have appeared are often similar to the older ones found in the same place
30
Q

How are biological molecules providing evidence for evolution

A
  • certain molecules are found throughout the living world
  • if two species have only separated recently, their biological molecules are very similar if not identical
  • if species took separate evolutionary paths, their biological molecules are likely to differ
  • molecules like cytochrome c show the patterns in change
31
Q

What is interspecific variation

A

The difference between species

32
Q

What is intraspecific variation

A

The variations between members of the same species

33
Q

What is continuous variation

A

Variations where there are two extremes and a wide range of values in between

34
Q

Examples of continuous variation

A
  • height in humans
  • length of leaves on an oak tree
  • length of stalk of a toadstool
  • number of flagella on bacterium
35
Q

What is discontinuous variation

A

Where there are distinct categories and nothing in between

36
Q

Examples of discontinuous variation

A
  • gender
  • flagella in bacteria (some or none)
  • human blood groups
37
Q

What are the types of variation

A
  • continuous
  • discontinuous
38
Q

What are the causes of variation

A
  • genetic
  • environmental
39
Q

What is genetic variation

A

Variation caused by possessing a different combination of alleles

40
Q

What is environmental variation

A

Variation causes by response to environmental factors like light resistance

41
Q

Characteristics caused by both environmental and genetic variation

A
  • becoming taller due to a better diet, can’t grow tall if rest of family is small
  • puberty effects which genes are active
  • changes in environment can effect what genes are active
42
Q

What is the definition of adaption

A

A characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat

43
Q

What is a well-adapted organism able to do

A
  • find enough food or photosynthesise well
  • find enough water
  • gather enough nutrients
  • defend its self from predators and disease
  • survive the physical conditions of its environment
  • respond to changes in its environment
  • have sufficient energy to allow to successful reproduction
44
Q

What are the different types of adaptations

A
  • anatomical
  • behavioural
  • physiological
45
Q

What are anatomical adaptations

A

Changes in structural features

46
Q

What are behavioural adaptations

A

Ways the organism has changed its behaviour to help it survive

47
Q

What are physiological adaptations

A

Changes that affect the way that processes work

48
Q

Examples of physiological adaptations

A
  • being able to roll up leaves
  • being able to close and open the stomata
  • lignified cells in leaves to help with support
49
Q

Characteristics of moles

A
  • cylindrical body
  • small eyes
  • strong front legs
  • large claws
  • short furr
  • short tail
  • tough skin on nose for protections
50
Q

What is convergent evolutions

A

Distantly related organisms evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities

51
Q

Examples of convergent evolution

A
  • fins to swim
  • wings to fly
52
Q

What are the steps of natural selection

A
  • mutations creates an alternate version of an allele
  • creates genetic variation between individuals in the species
  • those with the advantageous characteristic survive and reproduce
  • they pass on their advantageous characteristic
  • next generation has a higher allele frequency of that characteristic
53
Q

What is the mnemonic for natural selection

A

S - selective pressure
M - mutation
A - advantageous characteristics
S - survival
H - hanky panky (reproduction)
I - inheritance
T - time

54
Q

What is stabilising selection

A

An average phenotypes is selected for
- the mean characteristic

55
Q

Examples of stabilising selection

A
  • number of eggs layed
  • human birth weight
56
Q

What is directional selection

A

Populations genetic variation shifts towards one phenotype

57
Q

examples of directional selection

A
  • colour of pepper moth
  • length of giraffe neck
58
Q

What is a gene pool

A

The number of genes and different alleles presenting in an interbreeding population

59
Q

What are the causes of genetic variation

A
  • random assortment
  • crossing over
  • random fertilisation
  • mutations
60
Q

What is geographical/allopatric isolation

A

When a species is separated by a physical barrier

61
Q

What is speciation

A

The formation of a new species

62
Q

What are the steps of speciation

A
  • reproduction isolation (allopatric or sympatric)
  • allele frequency changes
  • different mutations
  • different species are now unable to breed
63
Q

What is sympatric isolation

A

When organisms aren’t able to breed but are in the same place

64
Q

What are polymorphic genes

A

Influenced by the environment

65
Q

What does polygenic mean

A

When multiple genes code for one phenotype

66
Q

Genetic variation is p… and p…

A

Polygenic
Polymorphic

67
Q

What are the two different types of reproductive isolation mechanisms

A
  • prezygotic
  • postzygotic
68
Q

What are the different prezygotic mechanisms

A
  • geographic isolation
  • ecological isolation
  • temporal isolation
  • behavioural isolation
  • mechanical isolation
69
Q

What are the different types of postzygotic mechanisms

A
  • hybrid in viability
  • hybrid sterility

A Level Biology (13 decks)

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