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A Level Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Electron micrograph

A

Photograph of an image seen using an electron microscope

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2
Q

What is magnification

A

The number of times larger an image appears, compared with the size of the object

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3
Q

What is the formula for magnification

A

Magnification = size of image / size of real object

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4
Q

What are organelles

A

Small structures within cells, each of which has a specific function

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5
Q

What is a photo micrograph

A

Photograph of an image seen using an optical microscope

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6
Q

What is resolution

A

The smallest distance at which separate objects can be distinguished

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7
Q

What does the cell theory state

A
  • all living things are composed of cells
  • the cell is the smallest unit of life
  • cells only arise from pre-existing cells
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8
Q

How does a light/optical microscope work

A

Uses visible light which is reflected through a specimen

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9
Q

What type of image is produced by an optical microscope

A

Magnified image of the object
- 2D
- colored
- magnification limit = 1000x
- resolution limit = 200nm

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10
Q

What are the pros of optical microscopes

A
  • cheap
  • small
  • portable
  • living specimens
  • colored image
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11
Q

Cons of optical microscopes

A
  • poor resolution
  • can’t view organelles
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12
Q

How do transmission electron microscopes (TEM) work

A
  • specimen is dehydrated and stained
  • electron beams them pass through
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13
Q

What type of image is produced by a TEM

A
  • 2D image
  • black and white image
  • magnification limit = 5,000,000x
  • resolution limit = 1nm
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14
Q

What are the pros of TEM

A
  • high magnification
  • excellent resolution
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15
Q

Cons of TEM

A
  • no living specimen (vacuum)
  • black and white
  • complex staining process
  • artifacts can result
  • large
  • expensive
  • need skill and training to use
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16
Q

How do scanning electron microscopes (SEM) work

A
  • electrons are shot at the specimen
  • electrons don’t pass through
  • electrons ‘bounce of’
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17
Q

What type of image does a SEM produce

A
  • 3D image
  • black and white (programs can add colour)
  • magnification limit = 30,000x
  • resolution limit = 10nm
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18
Q

Pros of SEM

A
  • 3D image
  • don’ need a thin section
  • high magnification
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19
Q

Cons of SEM

A
  • can’t view internal structures
  • not as high resolution as TEM
  • specimen has to be in a vacuum with a thin layer of metal
  • needs skill and training to use
  • large
  • expensive
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20
Q

How do scanning laser confocal microscopes work

A
  • uses fluorescent tags (molecules that can be attached to certain things)
  • uses laser light to scan an object
  • object is displayed on a computer screen
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21
Q

What type of image is produced by a laser scanning confocal microscope

A
  • high resolution to show high contrast
  • view movement
  • view an object a certain depth within a cell/sample
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22
Q

What are the pros of scanning laser confocal microscopes

A
  • can focus on objects at different depths
  • can observe cells as well as whole objects
  • used in medical profession
  • can use living specimens
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23
Q

Cons of laser scanning confocal microscopes

A
  • resolution lower than SEM
  • very expensive
  • limited number of wavelengths
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24
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a higher resolving power

A
  • light microscopes use a light beam to view the specimen
  • light beams have a long wavelength
  • low resolution
  • electron microscopes use beams of electrons
  • electrons have a short wavelength
  • high resolution
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25
Q

What are the different parts of a light microscope

A
  • eyepiece
  • tube
  • arm
  • objective lens
  • stage
  • sample clamps
  • corse focus
  • fine focus
  • light
  • base
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26
Q

Steps to making a slide

A
  • sharp blade to cut a thin slice of tissue
  • use the thinnest slide allowing for max light to get through
  • wet mount to prevent dehydration
  • place stain at the edge of the sample
  • lower cover slip at an angle
  • use blotting paper to get rid of any extra
  • use more then one stain to improve contrast
  • squash slide to easier see individual cells
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27
Q

Why do you use stain

A
  • increase contrast
  • identify named organelles/ more visible
  • clear image
28
Q

What is differential staining

A
  • allows for more contrast
  • distinguishes different organelles
29
Q

What does iodine let you see

A
  • light
  • blue/black
    Stains starch containing tissues
30
Q

What does methylene blue allow you to see

A
  • light
  • blue
    Stains nuclei of animal cells
31
Q

What does to toluidine blue let you see

A
  • light
  • various
    Metachromatic stain, reacts with different compounds to give different colours
32
Q

What does gold/osmium allow you to see

A
  • electron
  • B&W
    Electron-dense heavy metal stain used to absorb electrons
33
Q

What does eosin allow you to see

A
  • light
  • purple
    Proteins (cytoplasm)
34
Q

What does sudan red allow you to see

A
  • light
  • red
    Cell membrane
35
Q

What does phalloidin allow you to see

A
  • light
  • green
    Cytoskeleton
36
Q

What does acetic orcein allow you to see

A
  • light
  • red
    Stains nucleon of animal cells
37
Q

What does gram allow you to see

A
  • pink or purple
    Bacteria
38
Q

What is the mnemonic for drawing biological drawings

A

PILATES

39
Q

What does PILATES stand for

A

Pencil
Individual cells (do not draw)
Lines
Annotate
Title
Enormous
Scale

40
Q

What is an eyepiece graticule

A

A measuring device. It is placed in the eyepiece of a microscope and acts as a ruler when you view an object under the microscope

41
Q

What is a stage graticule

A

A precise measuring devise. It is a small scale that is placed on a microscope stage and used to calibrate the value of eyepiece divisions at different magnifications.

42
Q

What structures are found in eukaryotic animal cells

A
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • mitochondrion
  • free ribosomes (80S)
  • endoplasmic reticulum (rough/smooth)
  • Golgi body
  • vesicles
  • lysosomes
  • flagellum
  • cilia
  • centrioles
  • cytoskeleton
43
Q

What is the function on the nucleus, nuclear envelope and nucleolus

A
  • separate nucleus from rest of cell
  • allow for some dissolved substances and ribosomes through
  • pores allow large substances to leave or enter the nucleus
  • ribosomes are made in the nucleolus
  • contain chromosomes
44
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A
  • ATP production in aerobic respiration
  • self replicating
  • abundant in necessary cells
45
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A
  • protein synthesis
46
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough
- intracellular transport system
- large surface area for ribosomes
Smooth
- contain catalyst enzymes
- involved in absorption, synthesis and transport of lipids

47
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body

A
  • proteins are modified (sugar, lipids, 3D forms)
  • proteins packed into vesicles which are stored or moved to plasma membrane
48
Q

What is the function of vesicles

A
  • transport materials from inside the cell
  • transport = inside cell
  • secretory = outside cell
49
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A
  • separate hydraulic enzymes from the rest of the cell
  • engulf old organelles/foreign matter and digest them
50
Q

What is the function of the flagellum

A
  • allows the cell to move
51
Q

What is the function of the cilia and undulipodia

A
  • beat and move the band of mucus
  • nearly all cells have one acting as an antena
  • movement
52
Q

What is the function of the centrioles

A
  • cell division
53
Q

Organelles that are found in eukaryotic plant cells

A
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes (80S)
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • vesicles
  • lysosomes
  • flagellum
  • cilia
  • chloroplasts
  • permanent vacuole
  • amyloplasts
  • cell wall
  • plasmodesmata
54
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast

A
  • photosynthesis
55
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole

A
  • stores cell sap
  • provides structure to cells
56
Q

What is the function of the amyloplasts

A
  • stores amylopectin
57
Q

What is the function of the plasmodesmata

A
  • cytoplasmic extensions
  • produced as cells divide
58
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A
  • provide strength and support
  • maintain the cell’s shape
59
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made form

A
  • microtubules
  • actin filaments
  • intermediate filaments
60
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton

A
  • provides strength
  • transport within cells
  • allows for cell movement
61
Q

How does protein synthesis take place

A
  • transcription takes place in the nucleus
    R.E.R - protein synthesis
  • proteins are folded
  • transport vesicle carries these protein along the cytoskeleton
  • modification takes place in the Golgi body
  • secretory vesicles carry theses proteins out of the cell
  • exocytosis
62
Q

Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Both have
- plasma membrane
- cytoplasm
- ribosomes
- DNA and RNA

63
Q

Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells
- much smaller
- have less well-developed cytoskeleton
- no centrioles
- no nucleus
- no membrane bound organelles
- peptidoglycan cell wall (not cellulose)
- smaller ribosomes
- naked DNA

64
Q

What else do some prokaryotic cells have

A
  • protective waxy capsule around cell wall
  • small loops of DNA (plasmids)
  • flagella
  • pili
65
Q

What is a pili

A
  • smaller hair-like projection
  • enables bacteria to adhere to host cells
  • allows passage of plasmid DNA from one cell to another

A Level Biology (13 decks)

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