Transport in Animals Flashcards
Oxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood can be simply defined as a blood cell with large percentage of oxygen and low in carbon dioxide. It appears bright red in colour and travels away from the heart to different parts of the body.
Deoxygenated
This oxygenated blood is then sent around the body. Some of the oxygen in it is taken up by the blood cells, which need oxygen for respirations, when this happens the blood becomes deoxygenated
Double Circulatory system
It is called a double circulatory system because blood passes through the heart twice per circuit.
Pulmonary system
The pulmonary system consists of upper and lower pulmonary structures, bronchial/systemic circulation, and gas exchange at the level of the lungs and tissue cells. The primary purpose of these structures is to move oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the alveoli where gas exchange takes place.
Advantages of double circulatory system over single circulatory system
It helps in maintaining higher blood pressure.
It allows a greater flow of blood to the tissues.
It helps in creating more pressure to pump blood around the whole body tissues and organs.
Cardiac muscel
Cardiac muscle cells are found only in the heart, and are specialized to pump blood powerfully and efficiently throughout our entire lifetime.
Coronary arteries
The coronary arteries are the arterial blood vessels of coronary circulation, which transport oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
Causes of coronary heart disease
Smoking, Diet, Obesity, Stress and Genes
Systole
When the cardiac muscles in the hearts walls contract and becomes smaller
Diastole
When the cardiac muscles in the heart walls relax and becomes larger.
Atrioventricular valves
Valve between left atrium and the left ventricle and right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
The three part on the right hand side.
Bicuspid valve
The 2 parts on the left hand side of the heart.
Arteries
The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.
Capillaries
Capillaries are tiny blood-containing structures that connect arterioles to venules. They are the smallest and most abundant form of a blood vessel in the body.
Veins
Veins are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary vein
Plasma
The water part of blood, which is the home to cells, mostly red blood cells and special cells called platelets
Function of Red blood cells
The function of the red cell and its hemoglobin is to carry oxygen from the lungs or gills to all the body tissues and to carry carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, to the lungs, where it is excreted.
Function of White Blood cells
They flow through your bloodstream to fight viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders that threaten your health.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells
Platelets
When an injury causes a blood vessel wall to break, platelets are activated. They change shape from round to spiny, stick to the broken vessel wall and each other, and begin to plug the break.
Transport of oxygen in blood
oxygen is taken into the lungs and from the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood. As soon as it enters the blood it enters the RBC where it binds to the haemoglobin. 3% of oxygen is dissolved in the blood where is 97% of transported oxygen is bound to hemoglobin. This oxygen then diffuses in the tissues.
Transport of CO2 in blood
CO2 diffuses through capillary walls into the blood and carried by blood plasma in form of hydrogencrabonate ions, (HCO3-), a small amount is carried by hemoglobin, then returned to the lungs through the heart and pulmonary veins
Transport of urea in blood
It dissolves in blood plasma and is carried to the kidney from the liver.
Transport of hormone sin the blood
Hormones which is made in endocrine glands. They are also dissolved in the blood plasma
Transport of plasma proteins
Proteins dissolve in plasma (Fibrinogen)
Lymph
Lymph is formed from fluid that seeps through the thin walls of capillaries into the body’s tissues. This fluid contains oxygen, proteins, and other nutrients.
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are small glands that filter lymph
Pulmonary vein
The pulmonary veins are the veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Treatment for CHD
Once a person has developed CHD, the doctors would prescribe drugs such as statins to help lower blood pressure or decrease risks of blood clots forming inside blood vessels, such as aspirin.
If these fail, the person would have to go through coronary bypass operation, which is replacing the damaged coronary artery with a blood vessel from somewhere else in the body.
A mesh tube called stent is inserted to the artery to keep it open.
A tiny balloon, which can be inflated by water is inserted into the artery, which pushes it open. Then the balloon is removed. (angioplasty).
Pacemaker
device that sends small electrical impulses to the heart muscle to maintain a suitable heart rate or to stimulate the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles).
