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Biology > Transport and coordination in plants > Flashcards

Transport and coordination in plants Flashcards

1
Q

Why do plants require water?

A
  • structure (turgid cells)
  • transport medium
  • chemical reactions
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2
Q

When is osmosis used in plants?

A

Used to uptake water

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3
Q

When is active transport used in plants?

A

When mineral ions are absorbed at the root hairs

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4
Q

What is glucose made for?

A

energy - growth + repair

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5
Q

What type of sugar is sucrose and what is it made from?

A

Disaccharide, made of glucose and fructose

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6
Q

Name of plants’ networks of tubes

A

Vascular bundles

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7
Q

Where is water absorbed?

A

At root hair cells

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8
Q

Is the xylem a one-way or two-way journey for water?

A

One-way

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9
Q

What is transported in the xylem?

A

Mineral ions and water ONLY

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10
Q

Where is sugar made?

A

In the leaf

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11
Q

Where is sugar stored?

A

In the roots (as starch) or the leaf

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12
Q

Where is water requires?

A

Leaf, palisade cells (for photosynthesis)

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13
Q

Xylem = water or sugar?

A

Water

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14
Q

Phloem = water or sugar?

A

Sugar

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15
Q

What is transported in the phloem?

A

Amino acids and sucrose ONLY

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16
Q

Where will the sugar solution be in the plant?

A

All over the plant

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17
Q

Is the phloem a one-way or two-way system?

A

Two-way

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18
Q

Why does the xylem have no cytoplasm or organelles and how does this help?

A

Because the cells are dead - no obstruction to flow of water

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19
Q

From where is the movement in the xylem?

A

From roots to shoot

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20
Q

How does the xylem form?

A
  • end walls removed

- cells join to form long tubes

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21
Q

What are the walls of the xylem thickened with and why?

A

Lignin - waterproof + strong, stops cells collapsing inwards and gives stem support

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22
Q

What is special about the end of the cell in the phloem?

A

Acts like a sieve - allows contents to pass through cells

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23
Q

Does the phloem have a cytoplasm?

A

Yes - thin layer (cell needs to be kept alive to help transport)

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24
Q

Which vessel has companion cells: xylem or phloem?

A

Phloem

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25
Q

What do companion cells not transport?

A

Sugars

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26
Q

What do companion cells do?

A

Help with the life processes of the phloem

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27
Q

Where is the xylem located in the leaf and why?

A

near the surface - delivers water for photosynthesis

28
Q

Where is the xylem located in the stem and why?

A

Towards the middle - helps provide support

29
Q

Where is the xylem located in the root and why?

A

Close to the edge for quick transport

30
Q

Where is the phloem located in the root and why?

A

Close to edge to allow for sugar storage as starch

31
Q

What are nitrate ions needed for?

A

needed to make amino acids and proteins

32
Q

What are magnesium ions needed for?

A

Needed to make chlorophyll

33
Q

What is the benefit of having no end walls in the xylem?

A

Forms a continuos transport system

34
Q

What are the cell walls in the phloem made from?

A

Cellulose

35
Q

From where are substances transported in the phloem and where to?

A

From leaves to growing points/storage areas

36
Q

How do root hairs reach the soil water?

A

Long thin outer projection penetrates between soil particles

37
Q

Is the water absorbed pure?

A

No - has some solutes in it

38
Q

What is the concentration of the solutes in the water compared the concentration of the root hair cells’ solutes?

A

Water solutes’ concentration is much lower

39
Q

Why does water enter the cell by osmosis?

A

Soil water has a higher concentration of water molecules

40
Q

What is the effect of osmosis?

A
  • dilutes contents of the cell

- increases concentration of water molecules

41
Q

Where does the water move to from the root hair cells?

A

Into the cortex of the root

42
Q

Explain the concentration gradient that the water travels along

A
  • travels down water concentration gradient

- from an area of more water molecules to an area of fewer water molecules

43
Q

Does the water concentration gradient stay the same and why/

A
  • gradient is maintained

- water is continually being taken up by xylem in middle of the root

44
Q

What is the epidermis covered by and what is the effect of this?

A

Covered by waxy cuticle so is impermeable to water

45
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The evaporation of water from the surface of a plant.

46
Q

What does most water pass out of the stomata as?

A

Water vapour

47
Q

What happens after water leaves the mesophyll cells?

A

Evaporates into air spaces between the spongy mesophyll

48
Q

Where does the water vapour go and by what process?

A

Diffuses out through the stomatal pores

49
Q

What is the result of the lack of water at the mesophyll cells?

A

Cells have lower concentration of water molecules

50
Q

What is the result of a lower concentration of water molecules?

A

Draws water by osmosis from mesophyll cells

51
Q

What supplies the leaf mesophyll tissues with water?

A

Xylem vessels

52
Q

What does transpiration cause?

A

Causes water to be pulled up the xylem in the stem + roots in continuos flow (transpiration stream)

53
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Ability of water to attach to other water molecules

54
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Ability of water to stick to other tissues

55
Q

What are the functions of the transpiration stream?

A
  • carry mineral ions for synthesis of amino acids and chlorophyll
  • keep turgor pressure high in leaves
  • evaporation cools the leaves
  • allows O2 and CO2 to diffuse freely
56
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?

A
  • hot - energy of particles = high

- hot - rate of transpiration = fast

57
Q

How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

A
  • humid - rate of transpiration = slow

- humid - concentration gradient = low

58
Q

How does wind speed affect the rate of transpiration?

A
  • still air - transpiration slows down

- moving air - transpiration speeds up, concentration gradient high

59
Q

What is the concentration of transpiration in general?

A

High to low

60
Q

How do leaves make carbohydrates?

A

By photosynthesis

61
Q

What do leaves use carbohydrates for?

A

To make amino acids, proteins and oils

62
Q

What is the transport in the phloem called?

A

Translocation

63
Q

Why is translocation an active process?

A

Energy is needed to make sap move through phloem tubes

64
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Plant growth movement with light as the stimulus

65
Q

What is geotropism?

A

Growth of parts of a plant in response to gravity

66
Q

What are tropisms?

A

Plant growth movements and how they respond to certain stimuli

Biology (13 decks)

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