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Biology > Nerves and the eye > Flashcards

Nerves and the eye Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biological name for nerve cells

A

Neurones

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2
Q

Name the two human biological systems that help us carry out a coordinated response

A

Nervous and endocrine system

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3
Q

What 3 things does a coordinated response require?

A

Stimulus, receptor, effector

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4
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

the change in the animals surroundings

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5
Q

What is a receptor?

A

The organ which detects the change

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6
Q

What are the effectors when catching a ball?

A

Muscles - they contract as you catch the ball

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7
Q

What system makes the link between the stimulus and the response?

A

The nervous system

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8
Q

What do receptors detect and how do they respond?

A

detect the stimulus and change its energy into nervous impulses

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9
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

Coordinates all of the nervous responses such as moving or reflexes

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11
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?

A

All of the other nerves

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12
Q

What do the components of the PNS do?

A

Send impulses to all the effectors

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13
Q

Name the 3 types of neurones

A

Sensory, relay and motor

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14
Q

What type of neurone do impulses from receptors pass along?

A

Sensory neurones (until they reach the CNS)

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15
Q

In the CNS, what type of neurone do impulses pass to?

A

Relay

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16
Q

When an impulse is passed to effectors (muscles or glands), along what type of neurone do they travel?

A

Motor

17
Q

What does the nucleus of a motor neurone contain?

A

All the genetic information of the cell

18
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Tree-like projections which connect to different neurones

19
Q

What is the cell body of a motor neurone?

A

Main section of the cell, contains the nucleus

20
Q

What is the axon in a motor neurone?

A

The long section in which the signal is sent

21
Q

What is the myelin sheath in a motor neurone?

A

sections along the neurone which wrap around the axon

22
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Automated actions which do not involve the brain

23
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The movement of the impulse from receptor to effector

24
Q

What is the gap between neurones called?

A

A synapse

25
Q

How do we “see” things?

A
  • eye detects light + sends impulse to brain

- brain converts information into an image

26
Q

What is the cornea and what is its job?

A

Curved transparent disc at front of the eye, does most of the focusing

27
Q

What is the pupil?

A

A circular opening whose size is controlled by the iris

28
Q

What is the iris and what is its job?

A

Ring of muscles with a hole in the middle, controls how much light enters the eye.

29
Q

What is the job of the lens?

A

Its shape can be changed acutely to finely tune the focusing of light onto the retina

30
Q

What is the ciliary muscle?

A

Ring of muscle at the edge of the eye which circles the lens

31
Q

When the ciliary muscle contracts, lens gets …………

A

fatter

32
Q

When the ciliary muscle relaxes, lens gets …………

A

thinner

33
Q

What is the suspensory ligament?

A

Strong fibres which attach the lens to the ciliary muscle

34
Q

What does the retina contain?

A

Light sensitive cells called rods and cones

35
Q

What does the optic nerve consist of?

A

Many neurones which carry impulses from retina to brain

36
Q

What is the fovea?

A

The region of the retina with the greatest number of cones

37
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

A mucous membrane that covers the eye to prevent infection

38
Q

When in dim light, the radial muscles ……………

A

relax

39
Q

When in bright light, the radial muscles ……………

A

contract

Biology (13 decks)

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