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Biology > Genes, chromosomes, cell division and variation > Flashcards

Genes, chromosomes, cell division and variation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double helix

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2
Q

How many bases are there in DNA?

A

4

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3
Q

Name the bases in DNA

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine

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4
Q

Which bases pair with each other?

A

A with T, C with G (complimentary base paring)

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5
Q

What is a gene?

A

A length of DNA which codes for a protein

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6
Q

What do these proteins control?

A

Chemical reactions, growth, colouration and all inheritable characteristics

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7
Q

What do chromosomes control?

A

a SET of characteristics e.g. eye colour, hair colour

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8
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Long strands of DNA wound up and compacted to make it smaller

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9
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs (46 chromosomes)

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10
Q

What is the name of having two copies of a chromosome?

A

Diploid

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11
Q

Some organisms contain one copy of each chromosome, what is this called?

A

Haploid

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12
Q

XX = ??

A

Female

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13
Q

XY = ??

A

Male

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14
Q

Name 2 human haploid cells

A

Egg and sperm

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15
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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16
Q

Explain the process before cell division begins

A

Chromosomes replicate, making exact copy of themselves, doubles amount of DNA in cell

17
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

Growth, repair and asexual reproduction

18
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Genetically identical (diploid) daughter cell

19
Q

What is meiosis used for?

A

ONLY used for producing gametes (sperm, eggs, pollen - not identical) for sexual reproduction

20
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Process by which we make genetically varied cells with half the number of chromosomes

21
Q

What is variation in offspring produced by?

A

1) genetic variation in gamete cells produced by meiosis

2) random fertilisation of ova by male gametes

22
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: what they produce

A
  • Mitosis: genetically identical daughter cells

- Meiosis: non-identical

23
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: number of what they produce

A
  • Mitosis: 2 cells

- Meiosis: 4 cells

24
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: division

A
  • Mitosis: 1 divison

- Meiosis: 2 divisions

25
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: haploid or diploid in humans?

A
  • Mitosis: diploid

- Meiosis: haploid

26
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: number of chromosomes

A
  • Mitosis: keeps same number

- Meiosis: halves number

27
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: where it occurs in humans

A
  • Mitosis: throughout human body

- Meiosis: in ovary and testis

28
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: where it occurs in plants

A
  • Mitosis: throughout plant

- Meiosis: ovary and anther

29
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: sexual or asexual reproduction?

A
  • Mitosis: asexual

- Meiosis: sexual

30
Q

What is variation?

A

The difference between individuals

31
Q

3 causes of variation

A

Genetic, environmental or combination of both

32
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the DNA

33
Q

Chromosomal mutation?

A

When a cell gains an extra chromosome or one part of a chromosome is stuck onto another

34
Q

Sequence mutation?

A

A change in the sequence by replacing a single base pair with a different pair - changes sequence of amino acids in the encoded protein (effects protein shape)

35
Q

3 possible outcomes of mutations

A

Positive, negative and neutral

36
Q

What are mutagens?

A

Chemicals which cause more frequent mutations

Biology (13 decks)

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