Nutrition in animals

Question 1

What are carbohydrates made up of and where are they stored in the body?

Answer 1

Simple sugars (e.g. glucose) joined together, stored in liver as glycogen or converted to fats

Question 2

What are proteins made up of and where are they stored in the body?

Answer 2

Amino acids joined together, not stored - broken down by the liver

Question 3

What are lipids (fats) made up of and where are they stored in the body?

Answer 3

Fatty acids and glycerol, Stored under skin and around organs - adipose tissue

Question 4

What are fibres made up of and where are they stored in the body?

Answer 4

Undigested food, stored in the large intestine and rectum

Question 5

What is water made up of and where is it stored in the body?

Answer 5

Hydrogen and oxygen, the body is made up of 70% water

Question 6

What are vitamins made up of and where are they stored in the body?

Answer 6

Chemicals made from organic compounds, can be stored in fat tissues/blood.

Question 7

What are minerals made up of and where are they stored in the body?

Answer 7

Made from chemical elements, stored in RBCs (e.g. iron)/in bones and teeth (e.g. calcium)

Question 8

Function of iron

Answer 8

Forms the part of haemoglobin which binds to oxygen

Question 9

Name the deficiency disease due to a lack of iron

Answer 9

Anaemia

Question 10

Function of calcium

Answer 10

Needed to form bones and teeth

Question 11

Name the deficiency disease due to a lack of calcium

Answer 11

Rickets

Question 12

Use of Vitamin A in the body

Answer 12

• makes a chemical in the retina

- protects the surface of the eye

Question 13

Food source of vitamin A

Answer 13

Fish liver oil, liver, butter and carrots

Question 14

Effect of vitamin A deficiency

Answer 14

Night blindness, damaged cornea

Question 15

Use of Vitamin C in the body

Answer 15

needed for cells and tissues to stick together

Question 16

Food source of vitamin C

Answer 16

Fresh fruit and vegetables

Question 17

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 17

Scurvy

Question 18

Use of Vitamin D in the body

Answer 18

needed to absorb calcium and phosphate ions from food

Question 19

vitamin D deficiency

Answer 19

Rickets (causes weak bones)

Question 20

Source of vitamin D

Answer 20

dairy products, oily fish

Question 21

How much of the energy you take is needed to keep you alive?

Answer 21

70%

Question 22

What is the role of the circular muscles in the human alimentary canal?

Answer 22

Squeeze bolus down towards the stomach

Question 23

Scientific word for chewing

Answer 23

Mastication

Question 24

pH of stomach acid

Answer 24

pH2

Question 25

What is the role of the acid in the stomach?

Answer 25

To kill bacteria

Question 26

Name of enzyme that breaks down food in the mouth

Answer 26

Amylase

Question 27

Name of the first part of the small intestine

Answer 27

Duodenum (alongside the gall bladder)

Question 28

What does the duodenum do?

Answer 28

Secretes enzymes that break down fats and secretes bile

Question 29

Name of the second part of the small intestine

Answer 29

Ileum

Question 30

What is absorbed in the ileum?

Answer 30

Vitamins and other key nutrients

Question 31

What is the role of the large intestine in the human alimentary canal?

Answer 31

- to re-absorb fluids | - prepare faecal matter

Question 32

What does the rectum do?

Answer 32

Temporarily stores faeces

Question 33

How are the (micro)villi adapted for absorption?

Answer 33

- villi have large surface area - microvilli are one cell thick - finger-like projection maximises s.a for absorption - close blood network uptakes glucose + amino acids - lacteal absorbs fatty acids and glycerol

Question 34

What is peristalsis?

Answer 34

The process by which circular muscles contract and relax to push food throughout the digestive system

Question 35

When does ingestion occur?

Answer 35

When food is taken into the mouth

Question 36

When does mechanical digestion occur?

Answer 36

When teeth and tongue break down food into smaller pieces

Question 37

When does chemical digestion occur?

Answer 37

When enzymes break down the food to small, soluble molecules

Question 38

When does absorption occur?

Answer 38

When small, soluble food molecules cross the gut wall into the bloodstream

Question 39

When does assimilation occur?

Answer 39

When food is used by cells for energy, growth and repair

Question 40

When does egestion occur?

Answer 40

When dietary fibre and other indigestible substances pass down to the anus

Question 41

When does defaecation occur?

Answer 41

When some excretory materials are added to digested substances and expelled from the body as faeces.

Question 42

What happens when an enzyme denatures?

Answer 42

Amino acid structure breaks down

Question 43

Where is pepsin secreted?

Answer 43

Stomach

Question 44

Where is trypsin secreted?

Answer 44

Small intestine