Nutrition in animals Flashcards
What are carbohydrates made up of and where are they stored in the body?
Simple sugars (e.g. glucose) joined together, stored in liver as glycogen or converted to fats
What are proteins made up of and where are they stored in the body?
Amino acids joined together, not stored - broken down by the liver
What are lipids (fats) made up of and where are they stored in the body?
Fatty acids and glycerol, Stored under skin and around organs - adipose tissue
What are fibres made up of and where are they stored in the body?
Undigested food, stored in the large intestine and rectum
What is water made up of and where is it stored in the body?
Hydrogen and oxygen, the body is made up of 70% water
What are vitamins made up of and where are they stored in the body?
Chemicals made from organic compounds, can be stored in fat tissues/blood.
What are minerals made up of and where are they stored in the body?
Made from chemical elements, stored in RBCs (e.g. iron)/in bones and teeth (e.g. calcium)
Function of iron
Forms the part of haemoglobin which binds to oxygen
Name the deficiency disease due to a lack of iron
Anaemia
Function of calcium
Needed to form bones and teeth
Name the deficiency disease due to a lack of calcium
Rickets
Use of Vitamin A in the body
- makes a chemical in the retina
- protects the surface of the eye
Food source of vitamin A
Fish liver oil, liver, butter and carrots
Effect of vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness, damaged cornea
Use of Vitamin C in the body
needed for cells and tissues to stick together
Food source of vitamin C
Fresh fruit and vegetables
Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy
Use of Vitamin D in the body
needed to absorb calcium and phosphate ions from food
vitamin D deficiency
Rickets (causes weak bones)
Source of vitamin D
dairy products, oily fish
How much of the energy you take is needed to keep you alive?
70%
What is the role of the circular muscles in the human alimentary canal?
Squeeze bolus down towards the stomach
Scientific word for chewing
Mastication
pH of stomach acid
pH2
What is the role of the acid in the stomach?
To kill bacteria
Name of enzyme that breaks down food in the mouth
Amylase
Name of the first part of the small intestine
Duodenum (alongside the gall bladder)
What does the duodenum do?
Secretes enzymes that break down fats and secretes bile
Name of the second part of the small intestine
Ileum
What is absorbed in the ileum?
Vitamins and other key nutrients
What is the role of the large intestine in the human alimentary canal?
- to re-absorb fluids
- prepare faecal matter
What does the rectum do?
Temporarily stores faeces
How are the (micro)villi adapted for absorption?
- villi have large surface area
- microvilli are one cell thick
- finger-like projection maximises s.a for absorption
- close blood network uptakes glucose + amino acids
- lacteal absorbs fatty acids and glycerol
What is peristalsis?
The process by which circular muscles contract and relax to push food throughout the digestive system
When does ingestion occur?
When food is taken into the mouth
When does mechanical digestion occur?
When teeth and tongue break down food into smaller pieces
When does chemical digestion occur?
When enzymes break down the food to small, soluble molecules
When does absorption occur?
When small, soluble food molecules cross the gut wall into the bloodstream
When does assimilation occur?
When food is used by cells for energy, growth and repair
When does egestion occur?
When dietary fibre and other indigestible substances pass down to the anus
When does defaecation occur?
When some excretory materials are added to digested substances and expelled from the body as faeces.
What happens when an enzyme denatures?
Amino acid structure breaks down
Where is pepsin secreted?
Stomach
Where is trypsin secreted?
Small intestine
