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bio igcse > 2h transport > Flashcards

2h transport Flashcards

1
Q

transpirsation GENERLA METHOD

A
  1. use a bubbe potomoeter
  2. cut shoot underwater at an angle to prevent air into xyle,
  3. assemble underwater so no air present
  4. check water and air tight
  5. dry leaves and leave time fro them to acclimatise
  6. remove from beaker of water to reintroduces bubble and then place it back.
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2
Q

how do u hchnage the LI for the TRANS method??

A

moving lamp/futher closer away from experiment set uo

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3
Q

how do u change the wind speed for the TRANs method??

A

using a fan & different speed settings

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4
Q

hwo do u change the humidity for the trans method??

A

placing a plastic bag w varied voumes of water over plant

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5
Q

how do u change the tempp for the TRANS method?

A

romm temp

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6
Q

composition of blood

A

rbc = 44
plasma = 55
plateltes + wbc = 1

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7
Q

describe blood clot formation

A
  • platelets wtick to wound and to each other
  • produce a substamce that produces a soluble plasma protein = fibrogen
  • grows into tiny fibres = fibrens
  • fibrins catch rbs –> clot forms
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8
Q

describe the the normal immune response

A

-pathogen enters
-lymphocytes sense the pathogen’s antigens and produce anitbodies for that specific antigen
- they multiple rapidly to produce more antibodies
- anitbodies bind to pathogen = kill

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9
Q

how do antibodies kill the antigens (pathiogens)

A
  • bacteia = bursts
  • causes bacteria to stick 2gether = easier for phagocytpsis
  • neutralises toxins produces
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10
Q

descirbe the secondary immune response = teiggered by vaccines

A

lmphacttes stay in blood and turn into memory cels, giving immunity to that specific pathogen

if pathogen reenters, they recognize it faster and mass produce antibodies quizer = quicker reaction itme

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11
Q

descirbe phagocyctoses

A

the process of phagocystes emgufing bacteria & destroying it

  1. engulfing stage
  2. forms a vesicle
  3. digestive enzymes released to break down pathogen
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12
Q

how deos adrenline change the heart rate?

A

blood vessels dialaye = protiositisng blood flow

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13
Q

artery blurt

A
  • carries blod AWAY from heart
  • O2
  • high pressure
  • thick msucle walls + thin lumen
  • walls stretch w beat to force blood forwards
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14
Q

vein blurt

A
  • carries blood TO heart
  • != O2
  • low pressure
  • thin muscle wall + large lumen
  • valves to prevent backflow of blodo
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15
Q

capillaries

A
  • where artery = veins
  • carry blood to all cells
  • very narrow
  • thin walls = shorter diffusion rate
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16
Q

blood vessel to and from heart

A

to = vena cava
from= aorta

17
Q

blood vessel to and from kidneys

A

to = renal artery
from = renal vein

18
Q

blood vessel to and from liver

A

to = hepatic artery
from = hepatic vein

19
Q

blood vessel to luver from digestive system

A

hepatic portal vein

20
Q

RBC ADAPTATIONS

A
  • HAEMOGLOBIN: CARRIES O2
  • NO NUCLEUS = MORE SPACE
  • BIOCONCACE = SALRGE SA:V
21
Q

HEART STRUCTURE:

A

4 chambers (atrium and ventricle x2)
LEFT SIDE THICKER TO ALLOW MORE FORCE FOR BLOOD TO GO ALL AROUND BODY

LORD

LEFT = XYGENETATED, (to bodY)
RIGHT = DEOXY BLODD (from body)

VALVES (tRicuspid, 2x semilunar, bicuspid(L))

SEPTUM SEPERATES SIDES TO NO MIX DEOXY AND OXY BLOOD

22
Q

CHD BLURT

A

coronary heart disease

affects pair of blood vessels (coronary arteries: which supplies the cardiac muscle w glucose for respiration

atheroma: fatty deposit forms within arterial wall, reduces radius of lumes, and ruduces amount of blood carries

can completely cut of blood supply to heart = cardiac arrest

23
Q

CHD RISK FACTORS

A
  • HEREDITARY
  • STRESS * HIGH BP: high pressure damadges endothelium of arteries = more prone to atheroma
  • DIET AND LACK OF EXCERSICE: more fatty acids and gylcerol circulate, contribute to atheroma
  • SMOKING: nicotine causes blood vessels to constrict & other chems damadge endothelium of arteres = more prone to atheroma.
24
Q

DESCRIBE CIRCULATION METHODS OF HEART TRANSPORT

A
  1. pulmonary circulation: deoxy blood from PA to lungs to become oxy from PV
  2. systematic circulation: oxy blood from aorta to body, deoxy blood from VC to heart

BODY –> HEART –> LUNGS –> HEART –> BODY

VC -(tri + semi)-> PA –> PV -(bicusp + semilunar) -> AORTA

25
Q

XYLEM

A

water and dissolved mineral

made up of dead cells and strengthened w lignin

26
Q

PHLOEM

A

sugars and AA

contents travel anywhere, TRANSLOCATION

27
Q

HOW DO ROOTHAIR CELLS ABSORB WATER, TRANSIPARTION PROCESS

A

root hair cells
absorb water by osmosis
from diltute to conc (High to low WP)
water moves up xylem
transpiration pull
due to water loss (transpiration),
evap from species

28
Q

HOW ARE ROOT HAIR CELLS ADAPTTDED

A

long root hairs reach soil
increase surface area
to absorb water
via osmosis
to absorb minerals
by diffusion
by active transport

bio igcse (16 decks)

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